On September 11, the famous cut glass celebrates its birthday. The image of this durable and convenient container, its faceted shape and wide rim have long become something familiar and familiar to Russians. In Soviet times, such glasses were everywhere: in canteens, restaurants, cafes; They were used to drink tea in every Soviet kitchen, they performed good service in soda fountains, in train cars and were an integral part of any feast.
But the history of the cut glass is covered with a lot of legends and speculation. According to the most common version, it was invented by the famous Soviet sculptor Vera Mukhina, the same creator of the “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” monument.
However, many historians claim that the first glass with an unusual cut appeared in the era of Peter the Great. There is a legend that such a glass was presented to the emperor by the Vladimir glassmaker Efim Smolin. The king allegedly highly appreciated the craft, seeing that it was very convenient to use such a product while rocking on a ship: even if it fell from the table, the miracle glass did not break.
To dispel the myths around the cut glass, History.RF turned to its historical homeland: the first glass of this type was produced on September 11, 1943 at the glass factory in the city of Gus-Khrustalny. The secrets of production were given to us by the curator of the glass collection of the Crystal Museum. Maltsov Alla Chukanova.
- Alla Vitalievna, so who invented the faceted glass - Mukhina or the glassblowers of the times?
Of course, there were glasses as a form of tableware in the Peter the Great era. But you just need to understand what we mean by the words “cut glass.” This is a glass made by pressing, it has a shape in the form of edges and a wide rim. Previously, cutting was the name given to giving this special shape to the feet - cutting. When the Soviet glass arose, they began to call it faceted, but this is not entirely correct.
- What kind of glasses existed in the time of Peter?I? How were they different from the Soviet ones?
Under Peter, glasses were cut by hand. They could have simply blown it out, or they could have cut it later. But that glass, whose birthday is celebrated on September 11, is a faceted glass from the Soviet era. It was not even blown out - its edges appeared in a pressed manner, that is, immediately.
- What is the role of Vera Mukhina in the history of the appearance of these popular glasses?
There is even documentary evidence that Mukhina was involved in the appearance of this particular Soviet form of glass. They are kept in the Vera Ignatievna Mukhina Museum in Feodosia. Several years ago I contacted the director of this museum, Sergei Onishchenko, and he sent me a certificate that they really have the memoirs of the artist Uspensky, who was in the working group led by Vera Ignatyevna. As an artist of production, she stood at the origins of the creation of the Leningrad Art Glass Factory and carried out the task of the government.
-What kind of task was this?
They were tasked with developing sketches of Soviet-era tableware that could be used in catering establishments. At that time, dishwashers were already appearing, and glasses, as a rule, broke, and a lot of them were needed. Specialists were given the task of developing a glass that would be durable, beautiful, easy to use, and easy to clean. Uspensky writes in his memoirs that many samples of different dishes were developed, including a faceted glass, which they later began to produce at the Gusev Crystal Factory.
- But how did your factory become the “homeland” of the famous glasses, if Mukhina herself worked in Leningrad?
There was a production here with long traditions and well equipped. There were experienced craftsmen here, including the technical base for first producing a control number of glasses, and then they launched the production of these products at the Gusev Crystal Factory. The Leningrad plant at that time was a small workshop: only artists worked there and produced some exclusive products.
- Where was the cut glass distributed first of all?
The cut glass was used in catering establishments - in canteens, cafes. Its wide rim made the glass easy to clean in dishwashers. Remember soda machines? The glass [after use] was turned over, the bottom was pressed, and thanks to this wide rim the edge was washed very well. In addition, the glasses were very durable because firing was used. These edges acted as stiffening ribs, and the glass became stronger.
Faceted glasses were widely used on the railroad. Is it true that the glass was also made in such a way that it would be difficult to break during shaking on a train or rocking on a ship?
Indeed, if a faceted glass falls while rocking on some ship, thanks to its edges, it will not be able to roll far and break. It is not only more durable, but also more convenient: it will fall and lie right here, under the table. On long-distance trains they still serve tea in glasses like these, and even with cup holders. At our pilot plant, such glasses are still produced to order, they are in demand! And on their bottom is the logo of an experienced glass factory - a crystal goose.
Interestingly, the expression “think for three” appeared precisely thanks to these glasses. If you pour vodka into a glass up to the glass rim, you will get 167 grams - exactly a third of a half-liter bottle. In this way, you can divide the vodka “according to your conscience.” But why at some point did the cut glass become associated with vodka and drunkenness? His “bright” Soviet image was diminished...
Yes, there is such a version. It was simply the cheapest and most common type of cookware. What was at hand was used, including for this purpose. You know, in the main cookbook of the Soviet era, “The Book of Tasty and Healthy Food,” all recipes were indicated not in grams, but in glasses! A faceted glass held 200 milliliters of milk or other liquid (and if up to the rim line, then 250), 230 grams of granulated sugar, 320 grams of salt, 160 grams of flour - that’s what was indicated there. Everything was in glasses, not grams, so it was convenient; this glass was used everywhere.
- I read that in the 80s, faceted glasses began to explode en masse. This is true?
Since this topic has been raised for a long time, there were various questions, and this question also arose. We have such a specialist in Gus-Khrustalny - Yuri Abramovich Guloyan, he is the chief specialist of the Glass Research Institute. He told us that in the 70s, the plant began to use French lines, on which the glasses were then annealed - as if they were hardened. This is in order to remove residual stress in the glass, any glass product undergoes annealing. Hardening is the same thing, only the temperature regime is slightly different. And on these French lines the glasses exploded - they could not withstand the temperature. And those that could withstand hardening did not last long and crumbled into fragments with a slight impact. These lines were soon abandoned and glasses began to be hardened on domestic machines.
There is a story that initially such glasses had 16 sides - the number of Soviet republics, and the rim symbolized their unification within one state.
Indeed, this is one of the versions. The glasses had a different number of sides - in my opinion, from 8 to 20. There were also 16 sides - just 16 Union republics were part of the Union in 1952. This is one of the versions, a beautiful legend...
For many older people, a cut glass reminds them of life during the Soviet Union, since this object has practically become a symbol of the era. This item is no less popular in our time.
The history of the cut glass is contradictory and ambiguous. It’s hard to say who exactly came up with this shape for the glass. Opinions differed on this issue. Some researchers suggest that the shape of the faceted glass was invented by the sculptor Vera Mukhina (among her works is the famous sculpture “Worker and Collective Farm Woman”). In 1943, during the siege of Leningrad, Mukhina headed the Leningrad Art Glass Workshop. It is for this reason that many consider her to be the author of the faceted glass shape. However, there are no documents confirming its authorship.
Others believe that the faceted glass was invented by geology professor Nikolai Slavyanov. He made an invaluable contribution to the development of Soviet metallurgy. When studying his diaries, which have survived to this day, sketches were found depicting glasses with different numbers of sides. However, his products were not supposed to be glass, but metal. Determining authorship is also complicated by the fact that Mukhina and Slavyanov knew each other, so it is impossible to say for sure which of them owned the idea. It is quite possible that the shape of the faceted glass was invented by Slavyanov, and the material for production was suggested by Mukhina.
True, there is another opinion that the history of the creation of a faceted glass is connected with the names of the artist Kazimir Malevich and Mukhin. But employees of the glass museum claim that they planned to make a glass of a similar shape even before the war, and this was due to the fact that its shape had to correspond to the new dishwasher.
Opinions also differ about where the word “glass” came from in our language. It is known that in the 17th century there were “dostakany” - dishes made of tightly ground small boards connected to each other by a ring. Many believe that this is where the name came from. Others claim that it came to us from the Turkic language, which had words such as “dastarkhan” (festive table) and “tustygan” (bowl).
Faceted glasses were produced in different volumes (from 50 to 250g) and number of faces (8-14). However, a product with ten sides and a volume of 250 g has become classic. In cooking, it is often used to accurately measure the required amount of bulk or liquid products.
In the 80s, the production of glasses was transferred to imported equipment. At the same time, the manufacturing technology was violated, as a result of which the product, always distinguished by its strength, suddenly began to burst on the sides, or its bottom fell off.
If you want to buy a cut glass today, you will have to do a lot of shopping. Nowadays they offer a huge range of glass or crystal products of more elegant shapes. But despite this, the cut glass is not a thing of the past, and it can be found today in almost every kitchen.
The people called him “Granchak”. He's "big-lipped". He is also “Malinkovsky”. He is “Mukhinsky”. But actually, this is a Soviet glass - multifaceted, like the truth.
It turns out that we owe the expression “as simple as three kopecks” to a cut glass. The number of sides of this honorary inhabitant of railway buffets was different: 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20. At one time they even produced glasses with 17 sides, but it was more difficult to make dishes with an odd number of sides, so they settled on the optimal 16. The price of the product depended directly on the number of faces. The simplest, 10-grain, cost 3 kopecks, the 16-grain cost seven, the “luxury” 20-grain cost as much as 14.
Although the cut glass is a classic symbol of the Soviet era, it can be seen in Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin’s “Morning Still Life” from 1918.
Kuzma Sergeevich Petrov-Vodkin. Morning still life
According to many researchers, faceted glass appeared back in the time of Peter I, and was produced by the glass factory in the city of Gus-Khrustalny. Then the glass was called “granchak” and was a newfangled alternative to Russian wooden mugs. The edges made it durable and prevented it from rolling around on the table. When the new product was presented to the king, he did not believe in the reliability of the glass and heartily slammed it on the floor. The glass broke. But the reformer appreciated the idea and allegedly said: “There will be a glass.” But the boyars didn’t hear enough: “Shatter glasses.” Since then, the tradition of breaking dishes for good luck allegedly began.
Peter I in an English engraving from 1858
Despite their dislike for everything bourgeois, Soviet engineers appreciated the glass, if only “upgrading it.” Its strength was given by the shape and thickness of the glass. The latter was produced at extremely high temperatures - 1400–1600 °C. And besides, they burned him twice. Well, at first they even added lead to glass.
By the way, about the exterior. It is believed that the unique form was invented by the Soviet sculptor Vera Mukhina, the author of the famous memorial “Worker and Collective Farm Woman” (hence one of the popular names for the glass is “Mukhinsky”).
In the 1980s, when the technology for making faceted stones was disrupted (production simply switched to foreign standards), gossip spread about the machinations of enemies who encroached on the shrine. Glasses began not only to break, but to burst and even explode.
A faceted glass was not just a piece of utensils - it was a “mandala” of the era, from which many well-known aphorisms came. Here is at least the expression “to think for three.” The fact is that a standard faceted glass (counting from the rim) held exactly 200 g. A half-liter of vodka did not fit into two glasses, but it would fit neatly into three. Therefore, it was more convenient for the three of us to drink.
The habit of “thinking for three” has entered the world
The Moskovskaya vodka brand appeared back in 1894
By the way, about the rim. The first faceted glasses did not have it, so it was very inconvenient to drink from them: to prevent the contents from spilling, the glass had to be pressed tightly to the lips. When the rim along the edge did appear, the original model of the glass was called “lipped” to distinguish it from the second. But the glass became “Malenkovsky” in those days when the Soviet Minister of Defense Georgy Malenkov promised certain categories of military personnel a ration of 200 g of vodka for lunch (for non-drinkers, the norm was replaced by a similar amount of tobacco or sugar). The decree ordered a long life, but people's memory is immortal.
In Soviet times, vending machines selling sparkling water could often be found on the street or in public places. In Moscow alone there were 10,000 of them
Today in this section I propose to discuss not food or drink, but a thing for it.
More specifically - faceted glass.
photo from savok.org
Yes, our dear classic cut glass. Judging by, his pedigree dates back to 1943, and then he was nicknamed, for some reason, “Malenkovsky.” The authorship of the design of the glass is attributed to the legendary Vera Mukhina, the author of "Worker and Collective Farm Woman", but I could not verify this unambiguously.
The type of classic glass familiar to me since childhood is 16-sided, with smooth (not concave) edges, costing 14 kopecks. The same glass was widely used on trains, only in cup holders. In "Russia" No. 1/2 of the 1970s, they also practiced putting more elegant thin round glasses in the cup holders, with three rims at the top, but in general they are on Soviet railways. We weren’t particularly vaccinated - because were much less durable and often broke. The guides avoided taking them into inventory. Therefore, a durable faceted glass is also a striking sign of Soviet-era trains.
Friendessa and I insieme
There was a bit of a debate about the correct number of edges:
Asya, only the correct cup holder (if you mean the classic Soviet one) is 16-sided, not 20. And the edge must be smooth, and not slightly concave inward, as it is now.
Hmm? I also still have an old glass (one); it is twenty-sided. I became interested and went to Google; The wiki for the query “glass” says that the number of sides was different, including 20, but always even, different forums also write differently...
And we also listened in the evening to a song that was significant for our family - Olga Arefieva and the Ark - Imbra Lyamur: here is the text http://www.ark.ru/ins/lyrics/ImbraLamur.html, here is the actual song: http://www.ark.ru/ins/albums/anatomia/Disk%201/Imbra_ljamur_Olga_Arefieva_Anatomia_www.ark.ru.mp3. She sings about twenty facets :)
Here I find it difficult to assess what is more “correct”. According to my personal recollections, the most frequently used glass was the 16-sided one. Others were noticeably less common.
Now I have two faceted glasses “with history” at home, and both have 16 sides. I picked one up at the closing of the driver’s canteen in Petropavlovsk-Kamch, on the descent from 11 km to the village. Avacha (along the bus route No. 6), the second one, was brought to me from Vilnius and given to me by Friendess, he was taken at one time during the disbandment of the Soviet military unit in Lithuania, from the canteen, waited in the wings and then arrived in St. Petersburg. The rest of the glasses are unauthentic “new” (more than 20 sides, they are concave and small). I keep them for cup holders - I love drinking tea from a glass in a cup holder.
Let's take a look: this is what glasses with 16 and 20 sides look like (left and right, respectively):
Do you see? The edges must be smooth and straight. Only at the very end of the 80s they began to cast all sorts of non-canonical samples, with concave and small edges. Perhaps in the late 40s and early 50s they experimented with other shapes, but in my memory - the 70s, 80s, they only had straight edges.
Wikipedia writes this:
The dimensions of a classic faceted glass are 65 mm in diameter and 90 mm in height. The glass had 16 sides(there are also specimens with 17 sides, but 12, 14, 16 and 18 are the most typical number, because it is more technologically advanced to produce glasses with an even number of sides.) and held 200 ml of liquid (to the brim). At the bottom of the glass, its price was squeezed out (usually 7 or 14 kopecks; “20-sided ones” cost 14 kopecks).
True, I have 16-sided ones with extruded “14 kopecks,” both of them, and not 7 kopecks, as they say on Wikipedia.
Druzia, I have a question for you (especially for those who found the Union at a conscious age, and not at the age of 12): so which glasses do you consider the most “classic”, from memory? Do you have Soviet (not modern) table/train glasses at home and how many sides are they? Here I am - only at 16.
Well, if anyone has anything interesting to add about a faceted glass (not Googled, but your own) - of course, write in the comments. Anything interesting is gratefully accepted :-)
It is quite difficult to find at least one family in the vastness of the former Soviet Union that does not keep a couple, or even more, of cut glasses in their kitchen cabinets. This piece of utensils is one of the symbols of that distant era. Nowadays, most people no longer use them, but throw it away. History of who invented it, when - all this information is covered in secrets and legends. In this article we will try to understand all this.
Legends about the origin of the cut glass
Many objects and times have a lot of legends about their origin. This did not go unnoticed by everyone. The history of its creation is shrouded in many legends. Here are just a few of them that are circulating around his appearance.
- Everyone knows the name of monumentalist Vera Mukhina. This is the same master who designed the sculpture “Worker and Collective Farm Woman”. So, according to one of the legends, she was the person who invented the cut glass. There is an opinion that her beloved husband helped her in this, who liked to drink a glass or two of alcoholic drink on long evenings.
- Many are inclined to believe that the Soviet engineer Nikolai Slavyanov had a hand in the invention of the cut glass. He was a master of mining, then became a professor of geology. Among his friends and acquaintances, he is known for his discoveries in the field of arc welding and compaction of castings using electricity. It is to his merits that the high level of development of the metallurgical industry in Soviet times is attributed. Initially, Slavyanov proposed making a glass from metal, and the options contained sketches of products with 10, 20 and 30 sides. It was only later that Mukhina suggested producing such a glass in glass form.
- Another legend explains where the cut glass came from. The history of its creation is connected with the times of Peter the Great. One Vladimir glassmaker, Efim Smolin, presented the Tsar with such a glass as a gift, with assurances that it was almost impossible to break. Peter drank wine from it and threw it to the ground, uttering the words: “There will be a glass.” But, unfortunately, the glass broke. However, the ruler did not show his anger. Since then, a tradition has emerged of breaking dishes during the feast.
Where did the word "glass" come from?
Not only the history of the cut glass is quite vague and contradictory, but the very name of the object has several opinions about its origin.
From historical information it is known that in the 17th century there were dishes that were made from ground small boards connected by rings; they were called “dostakans”. Many believe that this word is where the name of faceted glasses comes from.
According to another version, the word is of Turkic origin; in this language, words such as “dastarkhan”, meaning a festive table, and “tustygan” - a bowl, were in use. From the combination of these two words the name of the glass arose, which they began to use.
The history of cut glass in Russia begins in 1943, when the first representative of the army of glasses rolled off the assembly line of the glass factory in Gus-Khrustalny. Many believe that this form is not just the artist’s imagination, but a necessity.
It turns out that even in those distant times, the first dishwashers appeared, which could perform their functions only when dishes of a certain shape and size were immersed in them. So we had to produce a glass with edges rather than round walls.
The emergence of a “foreigner” in Russia
According to historical information, in 1943, not the first representative of cut glasses rolled off the assembly line of the glass factory in Gus-Khrustalny, but an updated old one. The history of the faceted glass (16 sides) claims that it appeared a long time ago.
This piece of tableware was invented not in the USSR, but in Russia, in the 17th century. Proof of this are the exhibits stored in the Hermitage.
The antiquity of the origin of the glasses is confirmed by references in a special army doctrine, which was published by Paul I at the end of the 18th century. At that time, the monarch was trying to reform the army, which was far from full combat readiness, and ordered a faceted glass to limit the daily dose of wine that soldiers in the army were entitled to.
There is an opinion that the history of the cut glass is not connected with Russia at all. An excellent confirmation of this is the painting by Diego Velascas called “Breakfast”.
On the table you can also see a faceted glass, only the edges are not vertical, but slightly arched. If you look at the time the picture was painted, and this was in 1617-1618, then we can confidently say that the faceted glass and its history are not connected with Russia at all, but with foreign countries.
This fact is confirmed by the fact that the method of making glasses that was used in the USSR was invented only in 1820 - the pressing method. Production using this technology was launched already in the mid-19th century, and it came to Russia only in the 20th century.
What is the secret of the high strength of the glass?
Soviet faceted glasses not only had a comfortable shape and did not slip in the hand, but were also very durable. This was achieved by a decent wall thickness, as well as the use of special technologies.
The raw materials for making glass for faceted glasses were boiled at a high temperature in the range of 1400-1600 degrees, then the process of firing and cutting was carried out using special technologies. There was a period of time when lead, which is usually used in the production of crystal glassware, was added to the manufacturing mixture to increase strength.
Production of cut glasses
Glass factories began to produce glasses of different volumes and having different numbers of edges. The volume could vary from 50 ml to 250, and there were from 8 to 14 faces.
The classic history of a faceted glass is considered to be a product with a volume of 250 ml and having 10 sides. With its help, you can accurately measure the required amount of bulk and liquid products.
In the 80s, glass factories began to replace equipment with imported equipment, which led to the loss of the usual qualities of cut glass.
The glass, which until that time had been distinguished by its excellent strength, withstood temperature changes and falling from the table, began to crack on the sides. Some of them had their bottoms falling off. The culprit is considered to be a violation of manufacturing technology.
Characteristics of faceted glasses
Despite the fact that there is a lot of information about who invented the cut glass, the history and appearance in Russia are also contradictory, yet the characteristics remain the same. And they differ from those of other similar products.
- The diameter of the uppermost part is from 7.2 to 7.3 cm.
- The diameter of the bottom of the glass is 5.5 cm.
- The height of the glass product is 10.5 centimeters.
- The number of faces is most often 16 or 20.
- There is a lip along the top of the glass, the width of which is from 1.4 to 2.1 cm.
All glasses of the Soviet era, produced at various glass factories, had such characteristics.
The advantage of faceted glass over other similar products
In the vastness of the former Soviet Union, faceted glass is widespread due to its advantages over its counterparts.
- Does not roll off the table, for example, on a sea vessel during rolling and moving through the waves.
- Its popularity in establishments is explained by its high durability.
- Fans of drinking alcoholic beverages chose this item, as it made it easy to share a bottle between three people. If you pour the liquid up to the rim, then just a third of a half-liter bottle fits in one glass.
- The glass remains intact when dropped from a decent height. This strength is explained precisely by the presence of edges that give this property to fragile glass.
Modern life of a cut glass
If in Soviet times a cut glass was an indispensable attribute of every kitchen, now it is not so easy to find such a piece of utensils. Everything can be explained by the fact that most glass factories have discontinued production of these products.
At the plant in Gus-Khrustalny, where, as the history of the faceted glass says, the first faceted glass was produced, they produce other glasses that are completely transparent, which cannot be said about the faceted glass. Representatives of the Soviet era are produced only to order.
Now for some, a cut glass is a reason to entertain the public and become famous themselves. In 2005, during the celebration of City Day in Izhevsk, a tall tower almost 2.5 meters high was built from faceted glasses. This construction required 2024 glasses. The idea belonged to one distillery.
Regardless of the history of cut glass in Russia, it has always been used not only for its intended purpose. Housewives of the old school sometimes found the most unexpected uses for it.
- The most famous use is to use it to cut out blanks for dumplings and dumplings. If a larger diameter was required, then a large glass was taken, and if necessary, shot glasses were used. Despite the fact that there are now a lot of devices to facilitate this process, many housewives have not stopped using the old and reliable glass for this.
- In the Soviet kitchen, a faceted glass was a universal measuring device. In old culinary publications, products for cooking were measured not in grams, but in glasses.
- Quite unusual is the use of a faceted glass as a desiccant. He could often be seen standing between the double frames in winter. Salt was poured into the glass to prevent the windows from freezing. Nowadays, instead of wooden frames, our windows are increasingly decorated with plastic bags, so there is no place for a cut glass anymore.
- Summer residents have gotten used to using faceted glasses to grow seedlings. They look more aesthetically pleasing and do not leave behind debris, unlike peat cups.
- A glass can be used to demonstrate optical phenomena: if you pour water into it and place a teaspoon, it appears as if it is broken.
This is the use of glasses that was practiced in Soviet times, although some methods of use have been preserved even now, and no one wonders who invented the faceted glass. In modern kitchens, modern dishes flaunt on the shelves, which look more advantageous compared to a cut glass, but many housewives, if they have such a rarity in their pantries, are in no hurry to get rid of them.
Facts about the glass
There are some facts that are associated specifically with a faceted glass. Here are some of them:
- The cost of such dishes depended on the number of sides. A glass with 10 sides cost 3 kopecks, and with 16 sides - 7 kopecks. The volume did not depend on the number of faces; it always remained the same - 250 ml.
- The spread of drunkenness in Moldova is associated with a cut glass. Historical information makes it possible to find out that before the liberation of the country from the Nazis by Soviet soldiers, citizens drank from small 50 ml glasses, and the Russians brought with them capacious (250 ml) faceted glasses.
- The Soviet faceted glass was popularly called “Malenkovsky”. Defense Minister Malenkov issued an order according to which the serviceman was given 200 ml of vodka. Although this rule did not last long, it was remembered by many.
Here are just a few facts that are inextricably linked with a cut glass.
Festival of the Faceted Glass
We looked in detail and remembered about the faceted glass (the story, how many faces), but it turns out that this piece of tableware has its own holiday.
It is celebrated every year on September 11th. This date was chosen for a reason; it was on this day that the glass factory in Gus-Khrustalny began mass production of these utensils. This holiday date is not considered official; rather, it is a folk holiday, so there are not very pleasant traditions associated with it.
A Russian person always doesn’t mind finding a reason to relax with a glass of alcoholic drink, but here, like a godsend, such a holiday, it’s simply a sin not to drink. Here's what you can expect from such a celebration.
- Only vodka should be drunk from cut glasses; other alcoholic drinks are in no way associated with this glassware.
- You should not drink alone, but always in company, because the expression “think for three” is associated with a cut glass.
- One of the traditions of this holiday is breaking the “hero” of the celebration on the floor.
- It would be nice to remember that tea, jelly, compote and water are excellent for drinking from cut glasses. Everyone remembers very well such glasses in cup holders in train cars.
We can say that we can put an equal sign between the concepts “cut glass” and “history of our country”. These two concepts are inextricably linked. I would really like to see a Nobel Prize given for such an invention, and not make it a permanent attribute of all feasts.
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