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Hepatitis is a viral liver disease that is transmitted from person to person. The disease can be chronic, and some types sometimes cause cirrhosis or liver failure. Hepatitis has three subtypes - A, B, C. The first is more gentle on the liver, and B and C can lead to its destruction.

Do adults need a hepatitis vaccine?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is considered one of the most unpredictable infections. First, the disease affects the liver, then the blood vessels, skin, nervous system and digestive organs are involved in the process. The main sources of infection are virus carriers and sick people. In order to become infected, you only need 5-10 ml of hepatitis-infected blood. Routes of infection:

at birth from mother to baby;
through cracks, cuts, abrasions, bleeding gums;
during unprotected sexual intercourse;
through medical procedures: blood transfusions, injections and others.

To prevent becoming infected with a dangerous virus, adults need a hepatitis B vaccine. This is the only prevention of the disease. Almost everyone visits hospitals, hairdressing salons, and uses the services of a dentist. The risk group includes both visitors and employees of public institutions, because infection can very easily occur with them. If a person becomes infected with hepatitis B once, he will no longer be able to get rid of it forever.

What vaccine is used

Today, several drugs are used for hepatitis B. You can be vaccinated with any of them, since they all have similar properties and composition, but different prices. In order for adults to be vaccinated against hepatitis B to develop full immunity, three injections must be given. Any vaccine has a good effect, but the most popular are the following drugs:

Engerix (Belgium);
Biovac (India);
Regevak B (Russia);
Euvax B (South Korea);
Eberbiovak (Cuba).

Where is the vaccine given?

The hepatitis B vaccine is administered to adults and children into the muscle by injection. If you introduce it subcutaneously, this will greatly reduce the effect and lead to unnecessary compactions. For newborns and children under 3 years of age, the vaccine is given in the thigh. For adults, injections are given in the shoulder. The choice of location is determined by the proximity of the skin to well-developed muscles. The gluteal muscle lies too deep, so grafting is no longer done in this area.

How is vaccination against hepatitis B carried out for adults - scheme

Engerix, Regevac B, or any other drug is administered in several ways. As a rule, the first dose is administered immediately, and subsequent doses are given on different schedules with various breaks. Adults and children are vaccinated in the same way. There are three vaccination schedules:

Standard. The first one immediately, the second one a month later, and the third one six months later.
Emergency. The first immediately, the second - after a week, the third - after three weeks, the fourth - after a year.
Fast. The first immediately, the second - after 30 days, the third - after 60 days, the fourth - after a year.

Vaccination

How many times do you get vaccinated against hepatitis B if a person has never been vaccinated? In this case, the course is chosen in random order, but it is imperative to follow the scheme. If any injection was missed, and 5 months or more have passed, then vaccinations begin again. If the patient started the procedure several times, but only did 2 injections, then the course is considered completed. During primary vaccination, three injections are required to form long-term immunity. The validity period of hepatitis B vaccination in adults, regardless of the name of the drug and price, is from 8 to 20 years.

Revaccination

The essence of vaccination is to introduce an infectious agent into the body that stimulates the production of antibodies to the pathogen so that the person gains immunity to the virus. Revaccination is a program that is aimed at supporting the immune system, and it is carried out some time after vaccination. For preventive purposes, hepatitis booster vaccination should be carried out for every person every 20 years. If a newborn child has been vaccinated, then immunity to hepatitis remains until 20-22 years of age.

Action

The need for vaccination is determined individually. The doctor analyzes the person’s age and the level of antibodies to the HBV virus in the blood. According to the instructions, revaccination every 5 years is mandatory only for health workers, since the disease is transmitted through any biological fluids. For an ordinary person who has been vaccinated previously and has no contraindications, a single dose of the vaccine once every 20 years is enough to maintain immunity.

What reaction to a hepatitis vaccine is considered normal?

As a rule, hepatitis vaccination is easily tolerated. Sometimes a small nodule, slight redness or an unpleasant sensation occurs at the injection site. Such reactions are caused by the presence of aluminum hydroxide in vaccines. Approximately 5% of people who receive primary vaccination experience fever, sweating, mild weakness and general malaise. Such conditions are considered normal, and they disappear after 1-2 days.

Possible complications and consequences

Sometimes severe conditions occur after vaccination, which are already classified as complications. These are joint pain, hives, rashes, allergies. The incidence of such reactions is very rare (1 case in 20,000 injections). Modern drugs (Engerix, Biovac and others) are very effective, because manufacturers have completely eliminated preservatives that cause side effects. Alcohol does not have a negative effect on the body after vaccination, so it is allowed in moderation.

Contraindications

If a person has an allergic reaction to baker's yeast, then he cannot be vaccinated against hepatitis. This is the only absolute contraindication. You should temporarily refrain from the procedure during periods of acute colds and meningitis. The vaccine should be administered with caution to women during pregnancy, people with rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases.

Vaccination against such a dangerous viral infection as hepatitis B is included in the vaccination calendar of our country. Why is such a vaccination necessary and what should parents know about it?

Calculate your vaccination schedule

Pros

Early hepatitis B vaccination is important to prevent infection with this serious viral disease.
It is worth vaccinating even those babies whose mothers test negative for viral hepatitis B, since errors in such tests and false results cannot be ruled out.
Because vaccines are constantly being improved to reduce the amount of foreign additives, reactions to the hepatitis B vaccine are extremely rare.
A child vaccinated in the first year develops a strong immunity that can last for the rest of his life.

Cons

Although very rare, hepatitis B vaccines can cause significant adverse reactions. If a child has such a reaction, vaccination against this infection is no longer carried out.

Rarely, your baby may have a negative reaction to the vaccine.

How dangerous is the disease?

The virus infects liver cells and as a result of the development of infection, the child develops hepatitis, and also increases the risk of developing cirrhosis and cancer. To become infected with this infection, a tiny amount of blood from a person infected with hepatitis is enough. Newborns often receive the virus from mothers (carriers or those with hepatitis) during childbirth.

Contraindications

Vaccination against hepatitis B is not carried out if the child:

There is an acute disease or an aggravated chronic disease;
There was a pronounced reaction to the first vaccine;
Individual intolerance to yeast fungi was revealed.

Vaccine safety

Research from vaccine manufacturers and medical professionals confirms that hepatitis B drugs are safe and that side effects are often mild and go away quickly. Also, studies have not confirmed the connection between such vaccinations and the development of autism in children.

The vaccine can be administered on the same day with any other drugs from the vaccination calendar, except BCG. The effectiveness and tolerability of vaccines is not impaired.

Possible complications and how to prevent them?

When the hepatitis B vaccine is administered, adverse reactions rarely (in 2-5% of cases) occur in the form of pain and swelling at the injection site, as well as increased body temperature. They are considered normal and go away quickly. However, in some children such reactions can be very pronounced - the temperature rises to 40 degrees, and severe swelling appears at the injection site. In this case, examination by a doctor is recommended.

Preparation before vaccination

The drug can only be administered to a healthy child, so all children must be examined by a pediatrician before the procedure is performed (in the maternity hospital, babies are examined by a neonatologist). If there are doubts about the baby’s condition and the risks of vaccination for him, parents are advised to go with the baby to an immunologist.

It has been observed that in breastfed children, adverse reactions after vaccination occur much less frequently.

Minimum child age and vaccination frequency

A vaccine that helps prevent hepatitis B infection is given to babies in the maternity hospital. Vaccination is usually carried out within the first day after the baby is born. This helps prevent the mother from contracting the virus during the birth process.

After three vaccinations (for children at increased risk - after four), the child develops stable immunity for the rest of his life.

Vaccination schedule

Vaccination against hepatitis B is carried out according to several schemes:

Healthy infants who are not at increased risk of contracting viral hepatitis should vaccination is carried out according to the 0-1-6 scheme. The first vaccination is performed in the maternity hospital immediately after birth, the second when the baby is one month old, and the third at six months of age. According to the 0-1-6 scheme, children over one year old and adults are also vaccinated if they have not been vaccinated against hepatitis B previously.
According to the second scheme, children whose risk of contracting hepatitis is increased are vaccinated. These are babies whose mothers are infected with the hepatitis virus, babies who have had blood transfusions or undergone any parenteral procedures, and babies after surgery. For vaccination they offer the 0-1-2-12 scheme. This means that the third vaccination is given to the baby not at six months, but at two months, and at the age of one year the fourth vaccination is performed.

Where is the injection given?

Vaccination against hepatitis B is carried out intramuscularly. The injection is performed in the thigh area, since the muscles in this area are quite developed even in the youngest children. In children over three years of age, the vaccine can be injected into the shoulder muscles.

As a rule, the hepatitis B vaccine is well tolerated by the baby.

Komarovsky's opinion

A well-known pediatrician advises against vaccination against hepatitis B, since there is always a risk of contracting the virus both from the mother during childbirth, and through blood transfusion, or from relatives during household contacts, since an extremely small amount of the patient’s blood is enough to transmit the virus.

What to do if you have negative reactions after vaccination?

Normal reactions to vaccination, which should not be perceived negatively by parents, include a slight increase in body temperature and a local reaction to the injection. They disappear over time without leaving a trace without any treatment. If the baby's temperature has risen above 37.3 degrees, give the baby an antipyretic in an age-appropriate dose. Usually the drug in the form of suppositories is sufficient. The injection site should not be treated with any product.

Hepatitis is an infectious liver disease that can threaten a person from the moment of his birth. To ensure that the risk of disease is minimal in the future, newborn children are vaccinated against hepatitis.

This procedure is considered mandatory immunization and parents should not refuse it, especially those whose children are at risk. Newborns are most susceptible to hepatitis virus attack because:

The virus can be transmitted from mother to child during the birth of the baby.
Newborns have not yet developed an immune system that can fully resist viruses.

A hepatitis vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to a healthy person in order to induce immunity to this virus. The drug is a solution with low concentrations of pathogenic pathogens, as well as their antibodies obtained artificially.

At the moment, a special vaccine has been developed only for such forms of viral liver damage as hepatitis A and B.

Viral hepatitis B is considered one of the most unpredictable liver diseases. It is impossible to predict how hard a person will endure this infection and how this disease will end, because any damage to the gland affects not only its work, but also provokes irreversible changes in the entire body.

Hepatitis B is a dangerous disease that is difficult to fight. It entails:

Liver dysfunction.
Stagnation of bile in the hepatic ducts.
Fibrosis of gland tissue.
Cirrhosis and liver cancer.

The disease greatly affects the quality of life:

Sleep is disturbed.
Loss of efficiency and clarity of consciousness.
There is no vital energy.

Most children under 3 years of age, in whose bodies the virus has settled, become chronically ill. And for an infected newborn and child under 1 year old, the chronic form of hepatitis B is 100% guaranteed.

Due to the complexity of the disease and the desire to protect children from a similar fate, there is a need for its prevention. For many years, in world medical practice, in order to prevent infection, special injections - vaccinations - have been introduced in the first hours of a child’s life.

All newborns are given the first dose of the vaccine in the maternity hospital. This helps the baby not only not to get sick, but also not to become a chronic carrier of this virus. In Russia, vaccination against hepatitis B is included in the national vaccination calendar and is mandatory.

When are newborns vaccinated against hepatitis?

To create lasting immunity, the vaccine must be administered repeatedly into the child’s body. If there are no contraindications, the child is vaccinated in three stages:

A few hours after birth.
At 3 months.
At 6 months.

If a child was born from a mother who is a carrier of this virus (who previously had hepatitis B or during pregnancy), then he is vaccinated according to a different scheme:

12-24 hours after birth.
At 1 month.
At 2 months.
At 1 year.

In order for children’s immunity to the pathogen to be fully formed, it is recommended not to deviate from standard vaccination regimens. However, in case of illness of the baby, it is allowed to shift the timing, but no more than a month for 1 and 2 doses, and no more than 6 months for the third vaccine.

Contraindications

There are contraindications for hepatitis B vaccination. It is not given if:

The baby was born weighing less than 1,500 g. When the baby has gained weight, usually by 2 months, he will receive the vaccine.
The child has a severe intrauterine infection.
The child was diagnosed with dysfunction of internal organs and severe developmental pathologies. Once the child’s condition has stabilized and his health has improved, he can be vaccinated.
In healthy children, mild malaise is observed - fever, stool disorders. Only a few weeks after recovery is the vaccine allowed to be administered.

Preparations for vaccination

For vaccination of newborns, drugs of Russian and foreign production, registered in the Russian Federation, are used. In composition, they are all almost identical and are produced using similar technology.

Today, the hepatitis B vaccine is an affordable, effective and only way to protect a child from the disease. The following drugs are used for this purpose:

Combiotex LTD – yeast liquid vaccine for mass vaccinations, produced in the Russian Federation.
Eberbiovac is a drug jointly produced by medical concerns of Cuba and the Russian Federation.
Engerix B is a vaccine jointly produced by Belgium and Russia, available in pediatric and adult dosages.
H-B-Vax II nbsp is an American vaccine.
Bubo-kok is a combined drug for hepatitis B and DTP from Russian manufacturers, widely used both in public clinics and paid offices.
Euvax B is a vaccine produced in Korea and France, produced in dosages that are acceptable only from 15 years of age.

Russian vaccines, despite their lower cost, are not inferior in quality to their imported counterparts.

All of the listed vaccines are safe and equally effective, and therefore the schemes for their use are similar. After a course of vaccinations, the required amount of antibodies remains in the body for at least 8 years and perfectly protects against hepatitis infection.

Vaccinations are given free of charge at the children's clinic with vaccines purchased by this institution. As a rule, all vaccinations according to the scheme are given with the same drug, although there are exceptions - vaccines from different manufacturers are given. In any case, the frequency of reactions from vaccination remains standard.

Hepatitis vaccination for newborns and possible side effects

Most children experience a reaction at the injection site, including mild redness, swelling, and hardening of the skin at and around the puncture site. This is explained by the fact that the vaccine component, aluminum hydroxide, enhances the immune response to the vaccine, causing these symptoms.

In some cases, vaccination gives the following adverse reactions:

Hyperexcitability, moodiness, tearfulness.
Slight physical weakness.
Increased sweating.
Frequent loose stools.

An increase in body temperature in a child after this vaccination is very rare and accounts for no more than 5% of all children.

All these symptoms are considered normal and should not cause any concern to parents. 2-3 days after vaccination they disappear without a trace.

If a newborn reacts more sharply to vaccination and has swollen lymph nodes and vomiting, he is given symptomatic care and subsequently examined more carefully before the next vaccination, and if the need arises, vaccination is canceled.

Possible complications

It is extremely rare - in 1/100,000 children - hepatitis vaccination leads to serious complications. These are reactions such as:

Rash or hives.
Erythema nodosum is an inflammation of blood vessels and subcutaneous fat.
Anaphylactic shock.

To avoid dangerous consequences, preservatives were excluded from the vaccine composition or their concentration was minimized, leaving only the necessary components:

Viral protein (contains no impurity.)
Aluminum hydroxide (booster of own immunity).
Merthiolate (maintains long-term activity of the drug).

None of the listed components of the vaccine, contrary to rumors, is the cause of serious neurological diseases in children. These data are confirmed by medical research, as well as the fact that if all vaccination measures are followed - high-quality vaccines and adherence to the vaccination schedule, there are no complications in children.

Some changes at the injection site may occur if the baby is bathed immediately after vaccination. Contact with water is not dangerous, but it may lead to some additional skin reactions. Therefore, pediatricians advise not to bathe the child or simply not to wet the vaccination site for a week after vaccination.

Should a newborn child be vaccinated against hepatitis?

The reaction to vaccination in each child depends on his individuality and it is almost impossible to predict it accurately. The consequences of vaccinations have not been fully studied and it is not possible to link vaccination with any changes in the development of a child.

Hepatitis B vaccines are made by modifying viral DNA in yeast cells. Only similar genetically engineered vaccines containing the surface antigen of the virus envelope are approved for use. A person must develop immunity to it as a result of vaccination.

No one can force parents to vaccinate their child, and by signing a waiver of vaccination, they take responsibility for the future health of the child.

And although this will not affect the child’s further adaptation in society (admission to kindergarten, school, classes in sections, military service), parents, when making such decisions, must thoroughly weigh all the pros and cons.

The medical community advocates vaccination, arguing its position with the following arguments:

The hepatitis B virus is spreading to epidemic proportions. Vaccination in this case provides a guarantee to avoid the disease or suffer from it in a mild form.
It is newborn children, due to an imperfect, underdeveloped immune system, who are at great risk of all kinds of complications and the development of the disease according to a negative scenario.
There is a great risk that during childbirth the mother infects her newborn, not knowing that she is a carrier of the virus, since screening of pregnant women is not 100% accurate in detecting it.
The disease easily becomes chronic, which provokes dangerous complications such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. For children, such complications are fraught with disability and can lead to death.
The chronic form of hepatitis destroys the child's immune system, making the body vulnerable to other diseases that are sensitive to various types of allergens. In vaccinated children, such problems are much less common.

Despite all the desire and confidence of parents that they can protect their child from potential danger, they do not have the opportunity to keep the child in a closed, sterile space. A child can catch the virus in the external environment, accidentally coming into contact with someone else’s blood in the hospital, during an unsuccessful fight, or a minor wound from an unknown object on the street.

No one is immune from infection, but vaccinated children, even if infected, will survive the disease easily and will not develop the insidious chronic form of hepatitis B.

And at the same time, there are many doubting parents who are inclined to believe that vaccination against hepatitis B is unnecessary and even harmful because:

In their opinion, newborns are not in danger - they are not at risk.
The effect of the vaccine in a child can be unpredictable, since adverse reactions have not yet been thoroughly studied.
Infants are vaccinated without taking into account individual intolerance to the drug.
The vaccination is forced in the maternity hospital, since the mother is still in a stressful state after giving birth and cannot adequately perceive the danger of vaccination.
Vaccination of newborns has no scientific basis and is the result of a commercial conspiracy between vaccine manufacturers and medical officials for the purpose of profit.

But there are cases in which vaccination is vital:

If the baby requires a blood transfusion.
If there is a patient with hepatitis B or a carrier of the virus in the family.
If there is contact with infected blood.
If the newborn lives in an area with a high incidence of the disease.
If the mother is a carrier of the virus.
If the child is traveling to a country where there is a possibility of contact with vectors or sick persons.

Where are newborns vaccinated against hepatitis?

Newborns are vaccinated in the upper part of the shoulder or thigh, where there is enough muscle to puncture and inject the entire volume of the drug, after which it immediately enters the bloodstream.

The baby’s buttocks are not suitable for this purpose - there is a lot of subcutaneous fat here, which reduces the effectiveness of the vaccination to a minimum. Also, due to the concentration of blood vessels and nerve endings in this area, there is a risk of injury.

If there is redness or slight inflammation at the puncture site, this is considered normal and does not require the use of lotions, compresses or ointments. This is an acceptable reaction to the vaccine and is considered normal.

– an infectious disease, the development of which is triggered by the entry of a virus into the human body. With this disease, pathological damage to liver cells occurs, most often this process becomes chronic and causes the appearance of and/or. Medicine knows people who carry the hepatitis B virus in their bodies all their lives after they once had the disease. But if even a small amount of infected blood enters the body of a healthy person, the development of an infectious disease is guaranteed.

If a woman who carries the virus of the disease in question or is sick becomes pregnant, then the pathology can be transmitted to the child during childbirth. Hepatitis virus B is insidious and dangerous, which is why doctors raise the question of mandatory vaccination against the disease in childhood - the first vaccination is given to the baby in the maternity hospital, on the first day after birth.

Vaccines used to vaccinate children against hepatitis B

A vaccine for the disease in question is nothing more than a protein with the main antigen of the virus. When this protein is administered, the body's immune system comes into play - within 2 weeks after vaccination, antibodies are produced that prevent the development of hepatitis B even when the virus enters. Vaccines are produced using genetic engineering methods; they are safe, but in some cases they can cause side effects.

The following drugs are used to vaccinate against hepatitis B:

Euvax. Available in 0.5 ml, contains a preservative. This vaccine is produced in South Korea, production is controlled by Aventis Pasteur in France.
Engerix V. It is produced in a disposable syringe, which contains 1 ml of the drug, which corresponds to one dose for administration, and contains a preservative. This vaccine is produced in Belgium.
Combiotech. Available in ampoules of 0.5 ml, the composition does not contain preservatives. The drug is manufactured in Russia.

In addition to these drugs, other means can be used for vaccination.

When are children vaccinated against hepatitis B?

Even if the baby was born by an absolutely healthy woman, he is vaccinated in the first day after birth. In principle, this is a mandatory program for vaccinating children, but parents have the right to refuse this particular vaccination.

It is mandatory to vaccinate newborns who are at risk. Such children will be born from a mother who has hepatitis B (the woman has it or has a history of this pathology in the third trimester of pregnancy). In addition, infants born from a mother who is a carrier of the Australian antigen, from a woman who is a drug addict, and from those who were not examined for markers of viral hepatitis during pregnancy for some reason are at risk.

Note:doctors carry out mandatory vaccination for newborns if their family has patients with the disease in question, and it does not matter what form of hepatitis is inB occurs – acute or chronic.

Children's vaccination schedule

Vaccination against hepatitis B is included in the vaccination schedule in most countries; an injection is given into the thigh or shoulder muscle.

The first vaccination is carried out for newborns in the first 12-24 hours after birth; this vaccination is given before. Repeated vaccination is done at the age of 1 or 3 months, the third - at six months of age. This hepatitis B vaccination schedule is only used for healthy, full-term newborns born to healthy mothers. If the newborn is at risk, the vaccination schedule changes slightly:

first vaccination - 12 hours after birth (during this time);
second vaccination – at one month of age;
third vaccination – at two months of age;
fourth vaccination – at the age of 12 months.

Note: If the child was not vaccinated in early childhood, then he is vaccinated according to the following scheme:

the first vaccination is given on any day that will be considered the start of vaccination;
the second vaccination is given a month after the first;
the third vaccination is given 5 months after the second.

If a child is born, then an individual vaccination schedule is drawn up for him.

In some cases, emergency vaccination may be necessary - for example, a child is taken to regions/countries where there is a high incidence of hepatitis B, or was injured by an infected needle. And then doctors vaccinate accelerated scheme- three vaccinations with an interval of 0 - 7 - 21 days, and revaccination is prescribed 12 months later, after the third vaccination.

Hepatitis vaccine B is highly effective - in 90% of cases, stable production is observed against the infectious disease in question.

Moreover, this effect remains for many years - even 40 years after vaccination, immunity is detected in 65% of previously vaccinated people. Doctors usually do not test the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccine, but there are children for whom such a screening test is necessary. This group includes children on hemodialysis, born from a woman carrier of the virus and with a weakened immune system. It would be a good idea to check the effectiveness of vaccination if the drug is administered into the gluteal muscle. The test for the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccine is carried out 40-60 days after the third dose; it consists of determining the titer of antibodies to the virus. High effectiveness of vaccination is recognized if the titer is not lower than 10 mU/ml.

Usually there are no contraindications to the procedure in question; doctors may not vaccinate only if the person being vaccinated is diagnosed with intolerance or high sensitivity to the components included in the vaccine.

Possible side effects As a rule, children tolerate hepatitis B vaccination well, usually their behavior does not change, and their health does not worsen.

However, doctors do not rule out the presence of side effects immediately after vaccination:
redness of the skin and thickening at the site of vaccine administration;
slight increase in body temperature (up to subfebrile levels);

a feeling of discomfort and mild pain at the injection site.