Lyubov Dzhumagaziev
DEVELOPING GAME - puzzle "FOLD SQUARE"
“FOLD THE SQUARE” is one of the developing games according to the system of the Nikitin spouses, known in our country and abroad as the authors of an unconventional system of raising children.
Difficulty level 1, number of components of the square 2-3, recommended age 2-4 years
Difficulty level 3, number of components of the square 4-7, recommended age 4-7 years
“Toys, games are one of the most educational means in the hands of society. The game is usually called the main activity of the child. It is in the game that different aspects of his personality are manifested and developed, many intellectual and emotional needs are satisfied, character is formed "B. P. Nikitin
The game "Fold the square" - introduces children:
With sensory standards of color and shape, the ratio of the whole and the part;
Develops intelligence, spatial imagination, logical thinking, mathematical and creative abilities;
Teaches how to break a complex task into several simple ones, creating an action algorithm in the game;
It promotes the development of such character traits as concentration, attentiveness, resourcefulness, perseverance in achieving the goal.
Activity progress:
1. Pour out the contents of the box and arrange all the pieces by color (wooden base on the bottom;
2. Take the frame and put it in front of you on the table.
3. Choose any pile and try to make a square in a frame.
Game options:
1. fold the squares in frames by color, name their color and the shape of the parts they consist of;
2. fold the squares into frames, following the order of colors in the solar spectrum (rainbow): red, orange, yellow, etc.;
3. fold the squares into two columns: separately “warm”, separately “cold”;
4. fold the squares not in frames, but on the table, on the floor. Deprived of a degree of freedom, they add up worse;
5. fold the squares for speed, as fast as possible, competing with each other;
6. having previously selected the necessary details, fold a square or several with your eyes closed;
7. fold the squares from parts of different colors;
8. fold the squares from various parts of the "Fold the Square" games of different difficulty levels;
9. make a figure-picture according to a dissected scheme, picking up the necessary parts of the squares, name the resulting figure;
10. make a figure-picture according to the scheme (without making internal lines), picking up the necessary parts of the squares;
11. each square is a small puzzle. From its pieces it is possible to model various objects and images. Invent and assemble, for example, an airplane, a house, a car, etc.
12. come up with your own schemes of figure-pictures, for this, put them into a picture from parts of a square and circle them.
MATHEMATICAL TASKS:
Find and add separately all triangles, quadrangles, pentagons, etc.
Arrange the figures by size: in order of decreasing or increasing.
Make other shapes from the parts of the squares: a rectangle, a triangle, a rhombus, etc.
You can make this game yourself from cardboard or buy ready-made.
Enough level
1. Which of the following substances have good thermal conductivity:
copper, air, aluminium, water, glass, steam?
Answer: good thermal conductivity have: copper and aluminum
2. Which of the following substances have poor thermal conductivity:
cardboard, iron, rubber, steel, paper?
Answer: have poor thermal conductivity: cardboard, rubber, paper
3. Pour hot water into aluminum and glass pans of the same capacity.
Which of the pots will quickly heat up to the temperature of the water poured into it?
Answer: an aluminum pan will heat up faster because
that it has more thermal conductivity
4. Will ordinary or porous brick provide the best thermal insulation for a building?
porous brick will provide better thermal insulation of the building because
that voids filled with air have poor thermal conductivity (?)
5. In which shoes do feet freeze more in winter: spacious or cramped?
Answer: in tight, since there is no air gap in it,
with low thermal conductivity
6. Which type of heat transfer plays the main role in heating the water in the kettle,
standing on the stove?
Answer: the main role in heating water in the kettle convection plays
7. It is necessary to cool the water poured into the tank faster.
Which is better to do - put the tank on ice or put ice on the tank lid?
Answer:in order to quickly cool the water poured into the tank,
you need to put ice on the tank lid
convection causes warmer layers of water to rise
when in contact with a cold lid, they cool (?)
8. Which dress is less hot in summer: light or dark?
Answer: in a light dress in summer it is less hot because
that it absorbs less solar energy,
transmitted by radiation
9. What soils under the same conditions warm up more in the sun -
podzolic or black soil?
Answer: chernozem soils warm up more strongly in the sun because
that they absorb more energy from the sun's rays
10. Tea is kept hot in a thermos. Is it possible to keep cold juice in it?
Average level
1. Why are faucet handles for hot water tanks made of wood?
Answer: faucet handles for hot water tanks are made of wood because
2. In summer, ice is kept under a layer of sawdust and earth. Why?
Answer: in summer, ice is kept under a layer of sawdust and earth because
that it has poor thermal conductivity
3. In which case will a piece of ice brought into the room melt faster:
when they just put it on the table or when they cover it with a woolen scarf?
Answer: a piece of ice brought into the room will melt faster when it is simply placed on the table(?)
4. Why are fuel storage tanks painted with “silver” paint at oil depots?
Answer: at oil depots, fuel storage tanks are painted with “silver” paint because
that light surfaces do not heat up well under the action of radiation (?)
5. Why are the heating batteries in the room located near the floor, and not near the ceiling?
Answer: Cold air entering through a window is heavier than warm air.
and therefore it goes down, where it is heated by the central heating battery
6. Which of the bodies - solids, liquids or gases - have the lowest thermal conductivity? Why?
Answer: gases have the lowest thermal conductivity because
that gas molecules are at a great distance from each other
and interact poorly (?)
7. Where it is necessary to keep a thermometer to determine the air temperature -
in the shade or in the sun?
Answer:to determine the air temperature, the thermometer must be kept in the shade because
what… (?)
8. What will cool down faster: a glass of compote or a glass of jelly? Why?
Answer: a glass of compote will cool faster because
that in it the mutual attraction between molecules is less
and convection is faster (?)
9. Why do plants in the lowlands die more often from frost than in the uplands?
Answer: cold air is heavier than warm air and therefore it sinks down.
in the lowlands on a cloudless night it is colder than in the hills (?)
10. Why does snow melt faster in the city in spring than in the field?
Answer:in spring the snow in the city melts faster because buildings under the action of solar radiation warm up well and transfer part of their energy to snow (?)
High level
1. What bodies - solid, liquid or gaseous - have the best thermal conductivity?
Answer: solids have better thermal conductivity because
that their molecules are at a small distance from each other
and interact well (?)
2. In what bodies - liquids, solids, gases - is convection observed? Why?
Answer: Convection occurs in liquids and gases because
that in them the mutual attraction between the molecules is less and the molecules can move freely (?)
3. At what temperature will both metal and wood feel equally hot to the touch?
Answer: and metal and wood will feel equally heated to the touch at a temperature of 36.6 0 C because at this temperature there will be no heat transfer (?)
4. You need to quickly cool the bottle of lemonade. Where should the bottle be placed for this: in snow or in crushed ice, if their temperature is the same?
Answer: in order to quickly cool a bottle of lemonade, it must be placed in crushed ice, which has a higher thermal conductivity, so heat transfer will go faster (?)
5. When is it more convenient for sailing ships to enter the harbor - during the day or at night?
Answer: it is more convenient for sailing ships to enter the harbor during the day, when the land warms up faster by the sun, the warmed air rises, and to replace it, from the side of the sea, there is a stream of cold air - a daytime breeze (?)
6. Hot coffee was poured into the cup. What should be done to make the coffee cool faster: pour milk into it immediately or after a while?
Answer:to make hot coffee cool faster milk should be poured into it after a while
a film is formed on the surface of the coffee, which has poor thermal conductivity (?)
7. Which factory pipes are better: iron or brick?
Answer: brick factory chimneys are better because
that they have poor thermal conductivity
at the top of the pipe surrounded by a layer of cold air,
therefore, traction in a brick pipe is better (?)
8. When is draft in pipes better - in winter or in summer? Why?
Answer: draft in pipes is better in winter because
what …(?)
9. Why do window panes begin to freeze from below and to a greater extent than from above?
Answer: cold air is heavier than warm air and therefore it sinks (?)
10. Will a candle burn on board the space orbital complex?
Answer: no, because convection is carried out due to the force of Archimedes,
which does not occur in a state of weightlessness
11. Why do we feel warmer in a room at 20°C,
than in water at 25°C?
Answer: the thermal conductivity of water is greater, therefore, heat transfer in it is faster,
body temperature drops rapidly (?)
12. Why do many animals sleep curled up in cold weather?
Answer: the smaller the surface of the animal's body, the less heat it
gives off to the surrounding air(?)
13. Why is the highest air temperature not at noon, but in the afternoon?
Answer: during the day, the surface of the earth is very hot due to the action of solar radiation.
and in the afternoon heats the air by convection(?)
14. On a hot day, a dry thermometer reads 35°C.
Will the thermometer reading change if a fan is turned on next to it?
Consider two cases: a) the thermometer is in the shade; b) the thermometer is illuminated by the sun.
Answer: on a hot day, if the dry bulb thermometer is in the shade and the air flow from the fan is directed at it, then its temperature will not change.
If on a hot day a dry thermometer is exposed to the sun and the air flow from the fan is directed at it, then its temperature will decrease, because in this case convection occurs faster (?)
15. How is a greenhouse arranged? Why is the air temperature inside greenhouses higher than outside?
Answer: Greenhouses are used to protect plants from frost.
Glass frames transmit solar radiation well. During the day the soil warms up.
At night, the greenhouse prevents the warm air from moving upwards. Therefore, the temperature in the greenhouse is higher than in the surrounding area.
Additionally:
1. For what purpose is the face sometimes smeared with a greasy cream in winter in a big frost?
2. The longer the enamel kettle is in use, the slower the water boils in it. Why?
3. Why do local residents in the countries of Central Asia wear hats and cotton robes during a strong heat wave?
4. Why is the frost stronger on clear winter nights than on cloudy days?
4. If a clear night is expected in spring or autumn, gardeners make fires that give a lot of smoke,
enveloping plant. What for?
5. There is a case when a skydiver with an open parachute, instead of going down, went up. How could this happen?
6. With the help of a thermal imager (night vision device), various bodies can be detected,
even slightly heated, regardless of whether these bodies are illuminated or in complete darkness. What physical phenomenon is used in these devices?
7. In which case will the heated part cool faster: if it is placed on a wooden stand
Or on a steel plate?
8. Which parts of the earth's surface heat up more in sunny weather:
plowed field or green meadow, dry or moist soil? Why?
9. Why does it feel cold even from well-sealed windows in winter?
10. In which teapot - white or dark - will water boil faster?
11. Why is there more draft in furnaces with high chimneys than in furnaces with low chimneys?
12. Why does a stone floor feel colder than a wooden floor in the same room?
13. Why experienced housewives prefer to fry in cast iron pans,
not aluminum ones?
14. Which type of heat transfer is accompanied by the transfer of matter?
15. Why is the highest temperature not at noon, but in the afternoon?
16. The earth continuously radiates energy into outer space. Why doesn't the Earth freeze?
17. In what case is energy transferred by radiation? Explain with an example.
18. Why do aspen leaves sway in calm weather?
19. Why does a thin polyethylene film protect the plant from the night cold?
20. Why, at the time when the stove starts to heat up in the room,
Is there a drop in temperature?
“Recently, the method of projects has become not only popular in our country, but also “fashionable”, which inspires well-founded fears, because where the dictates of fashion begin, the mind often turns off there .. As a result of numerous trials and errors, I firmly believed that that this method must be applied in the study of physics, but it must be clearly understood who and why will participate in this project and what result will be obtained. For many years, my use of group work in physics classes smoothly turned into the application of the project method in the study of certain topics of the physics course, both in middle and high schools. So, for the first time I used the project method when studying the topic “Optics”. The creative name of the project “Family Album” implied independent research on the issues of “Evolution of the Camera”, “Chemical Action of Light”, “Color and Black and White Photography”. The result of this project was a scientific and practical conference, at which not only theoretical issues of the topic were discussed, but also an exhibition of various cameras, stands “Our family heirloom” and “My hobby is photography” were framed. At that time we didn't even hear about the Internet and personal computers, digital cameras, but the Kodak camera, which instantly produced a color photo, was already present in our exhibition. The craze for laser pointers (for some time our city cooperated extensively with China, from where a large number of these toys were supplied) I also managed to direct in the right direction. All 29 people of the eleventh grade plunged into the project “From Fantasy to Reality” with inspiration. Some traveled through the pages of science fiction books, others through the pages of medical journals and the MKT Eye Surgery clinic, which opened in Tambov, others persistently searched for information about the use of a laser in industry, and the most advanced studied the possibilities of transmitting information via a laser beam. The result of the project was a gallery of newspapers.
I am always happy when children come with a desire to work on an individual project, which means that the material studied in physics lessons aroused interest, made them see the problem, turned on fantasy, and encouraged creativity. Here are the topics of recent individual projects: "Physics and military regulations", "Physics and criminalistics", "Signalization", "Batch switch", "Physics in toys".
This academic year, together with students of grade 8 “B”, we carried out another project as part of the study of the topic “Types of heat transfer”. The creative name of the project was “Three Ways to Keep Warm”. This topic is of a great applied nature. As a result of the project, students not only mastered the mechanisms of heat transfer, but also widely explored their use in everyday life, technology, and nature.
Goals and objectives of the project:
Formation of competence in the field of acquiring knowledge from various sources: textbook, additional literature, Internet, CD, peer story, etc.
Formation of competencies in the field of information processing to provide it in various forms.
Formation of competencies in the field of dissemination of knowledge among peers.
To study the types of heat transfer, to form the ability to describe and explain the mechanisms of heat transfer from one body to another.
To deepen students' knowledge of the role of heat transfer in various areas of human activity.
Lesson stages |
Used methods, techniques |
results |
Actualization of knowledge on the topic “Internal energy of the body and ways to change it” |
Frontal conversation |
Students distinguish well when CE changes due to work, and when due to heat transfer. |
Formulation of the problem |
Problem Method |
Problem: How is heat (energy) transferred from one body to another? How does energy travel? |
Formulation of hypotheses to solve the problem. |
Frontal conversation with demonstrations |
Energy can travel in three ways. |
Identification of the subject (goal) of the study |
“Brainstorming” to identify issues to be researched in groups |
The name of the energy transfer method, the energy transfer mechanism, the experience illustrating this type of heat transfer, the use of this type of heat transfer, the features of this type of heat transfer. |
Independent work on the study of new material |
Each group, having worked through the corresponding § of the textbook, fills in its column in the table “Types of heat transfer”. |
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Consolidation of new knowledge |
Group form of organization of cognitive activity |
Work with didactic material “Find your problem and solve it” |
Homework |
Work in pairs |
Filling in the table “Types of heat transfer” |
Checking homework |
Work in pairs |
Primary assessment of knowledge, grading in the journal at will. |
Fixing ZUN |
physical combat |
There are questions that we cannot answer yet. |
Determination of topics for independent research |
Frontal conversation |
Creation of mini-groups to solve problematic issues |
Determination of research methods and methods |
Discussion |
Development of the research progress of the mini-project |
Definition of reporting forms |
"Brainstorm" |
Distribution of roles to protect the project. |
Homework |
group method |
Collection of information on the problem |
Teacher's explanation |
Acquaintance with the criteria for evaluating publications, presentations, websites. |
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Checking homework |
Group form of work |
Create a mini-project protection script |
Independent work |
Group form of work |
Analysis of information collected by groups, obtained as a result of independent research. Conclusions on areas of work, argumentation |
Homework |
Group form of organization of cognitive activity |
Refinement of projects and their preparation for protection |
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Independent research of students: |
Materials prepared by groups for protection: |
Is the coat warm? |
video film |
Message |
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Does ice melt in boiling water? |
Demonstration and explanation of experience. |
Can you boil water in a paper pot? |
Demonstration and explanation of experience |
Why is it blowing from a closed window? |
Message, drawings |
On ice or under ice? |
Message, graph |
How are breezes formed? |
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How to keep warm? |
Thermos model |
What is traction? |
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Why are planes silver? |
Information booklet |
What season is under our feet? |
Information booklet |
How does energy travel through a vacuum? |
Information booklet |
Tasks for consolidating knowledge. |
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1. Why are faucet handles for hot water tanks made of wood? |
2. Which dress is less hot in summer: light or dark? Explain why? |
3. In which shoes do feet get colder in winter: spacious or cramped? Why? |
4. Which of the following substances have good thermal conductivity: copper, air, aluminum, water, glass, water vapor? |
5. What will cool down faster: a glass of compote or a glass of jelly? Why? |
6. In summer, ice is kept under a layer of sawdust and earth. Why? |
7. Pour hot water into aluminum and glass pans of the same capacity. Which of the pans will quickly heat up to the temperature of the water poured into it? |
8. Why do many animals sleep in cold weather. Curled up in a ball? |
9. Why does snow melt faster in the city in spring than in the field? |
10. Will ordinary or porous brick provide better thermal insulation of the building? Why? |
11. Will a candle burn on board the spacecraft? |
|
13. It is necessary to cool the water poured into the tank faster. Which is better to do - put the tank on ice or put ice on the tank lid? |
14. On which part of the field - covered with snow or ice - winter crops are better preserved? Why? |
15. When is draft in pipes better - in winter or in summer? Why? |
16. Why are thermoses made of round and not square section? |
17. What soils, under the same conditions, warm up more in the sun - podzolic or chernozem? Why? |
18. Which factory chimneys are better: iron or brick? |
19. Where is it necessary to keep a thermometer to determine the air temperature - in the shade or in the sun? |
20. Tea is kept hot in a thermos. Is it possible to keep cold juice in it? |
21. Why are the heating batteries in the room located near the floor, and not near the ceiling? |
22. Why do plants in the lowlands die more often from frost than in the uplands? |
23. What bodies - solid, liquid or gaseous - have the best thermal conductivity? Why? |
24. In what bodies - liquids, solids, gases - is convection observed? Why? |
25. Why do we feel warmer in a room at a temperature of 20 0 C than in water at a temperature of 25 0 C? |
26. Why is the highest air temperature not at noon, but in the afternoon? |
27. When is it more convenient for sailing ships to enter the harbor - during the day or at night? |
28. The earth continuously radiates energy into outer space. Why doesn't the Earth freeze? |
29. In what case is energy transferred by radiation? Explain with an example. |
30. Which of the bodies - solid, liquid or gaseous - have the lowest thermal conductivity? Why? |
31. Why do aspen leaves “tremble” in calm weather? |
|
33. Why does a thin polyethylene film protect the plant from the night cold? |
34. Hot coffee was poured into a cup. What should be done to make the coffee cool faster: pour milk into it immediately or after a while? |
35. Which type of heat transfer plays the main role in heating water in a kettle on the stove? |
36. At what temperature will both metal and wood feel equally hot to the touch? |
37. You need to quickly cool the bottle of lemonade. Where should it be placed for this: in snow or in crushed ice, if their temperature is the same? |
38. On a hot day, a dry thermometer shows 35 0 C. Will the thermometer readings change if a fan is turned on next to it? Consider two cases: the thermometer is in the shade and illuminated by the sun |
39. In what case will a piece of ice brought into the room melt faster: when it is simply placed on the table or when it is covered with a woolen scarf from above? |
40. How is a greenhouse arranged? For what purpose? Why is the air temperature inside greenhouses higher than outside? |
So the project is over. The pedagogical goal - the development of intellectual abilities and the mastery of intellectual activity by children - has been achieved. Children independently mastered new scientific terminology, developed and created operating devices: a thermos, a thermoscope, a heat sink. High motivation for learning gave a tangible increase in the quality of knowledge of all: from “weak” to “strong” students.
Informational resources
- Alekseeva M.N. Physics for the young. Moscow, Enlightenment, 1980.
- Balashov M.M. About nature, a book for 8th grade students, Moscow, “Prosveshchenie”, 1991.
- Burov V.A., Kabanov S.F., Sviridov V.I. Frontal experimental tasks in physics in grades 6-7, Moscow, Enlightenment, 1981.
- Gromov S.V., Rodina N.A. Fizika 8, Moscow, Enlightenment, 2000.
- Kirik L. A. Physics. Independent and control work, Moscow, "Ileksa", 2003.
- New pedagogical and information technologies in the education system. Ed. E.S. Polat. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003.
- Peryshkin A.V. Fizika 8, Moscow, Drofa, 2000.
- Perelman Ya.I. Entertaining physics, part 1, Moscow, "Nauka", 1983.
- Postnikov A.V. Checking the knowledge of students in physics 6-7, Moscow, “Prosveshchenie”, 1986.
- Intel ® Learning for the Future (Sponsored by Microsoft): Tutorial. - 2nd ed., revised. - M .: "Russian Edition", 2003.
- CD-ROM “Natural science. Grade 6”, multimedia systems laboratory, MarSTU, Yoshkar-Ola, 2005.
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