What substance has the characteristic smell of bitter almonds. What poison smells like almonds. What to do if you are poisoned by any kind of gas

When I just started writing a toxicological series, they immediately began to ask me - will there be cyanides? Now I can answer with a clear conscience: yes. The most famous literary and cinematic poison, capsules with which any self-respecting hero must carry, even if he is an absent-minded professor from Berlin.

Lethal-synthetic "bobs"

Cyanides, that is, hydrocyanic acid and its salts, are not the most powerful poisons in nature, but definitely one of the most popular. Most likely, this is due to the relative ease of manufacture, the ability to kill guaranteed in any of the three states of aggregation and the speed of action, although, again, relative.

The history of cyanides can be traced confidently almost to the first written sources that have come down to us. The ancient Egyptians, for example, used peach pits to extract a deadly essence, which in the papyri exhibited in the Louvre is simply called "peach", in the context of "under pain of punishment by a peach" or "under pain of death by a peach." It is clear that, if desired, you can also kill the whole fetus if you block their natural openings, but we are talking about a more reliable, chemical method.

And what about the peach? Everything is quite simple, if you remember that a peach is a plum, an almond is also a plum, moreover, a cherry is also a plum. And cherry. And bird cherry. The seeds of the fruits of many plants of the plum genus contain a very interesting substance amygdalin, a glycoside, which perfectly illustrates the concept of "lethal synthesis". In turn, the concept of "lethal fusion" is a perfect example of incorrect use of the term. It would be more correct to call the phenomenon “lethal metabolism”, because in the course of it a harmless, and sometimes even useful substance, under the action of enzymes and other organic and inorganic chemistry, is broken down to a real poison.

Lethal synthesis is usually illustrated in textbooks with methanol. As you know, this alcohol is often mistakenly taken orally instead of or together with ethanol. The case, as a rule, ends sadly, 50 ml of methyl alcohol is enough to be called to the hearing of your case in the heavenly office. If life can be saved, most likely, the function of vision will be irreversibly disabled. Methanol itself is not so terrible, alcohol and alcohol, however, under the influence of alcohol dehydrogenase, it turns into formaldehyde, and then, after meeting with aldehyde dehydrogenase, into formic acid, and this is a completely different level of toxicity.

In my opinion, the story with amygdalin is more beautiful, but for some reason it is not mentioned so often in textbooks. Let's clear up this misunderstanding.

So, this is what an amygdalin molecule looks like:

Hydrolysis of amygdalin in the stomach leads to the exclusion of one molecule of glucose from the original formula. We get prunazine:

By the way, prunazine itself is present in the bones. Next, enzymatic systems are included, to be precise - prunazine-β-glucosidase. She bites off the second glucose, after which the original molecule remains, excuse the expression, a solid mandelonitrile:

This same mandelonitrile is a very remarkable thing. In fact, this is such a metacompound, which either sticks together into a single molecule, then again breaks down into components. And these components, for a moment, are benzaldehyde (a weaker poison, DL50 1.3 g / kg of rat body weight) and - ta-da! - hydrocyanic acid (and this is already DL50, equal to 3.7 mg / kg of rat body weight). It is these two substances that provide the characteristic smell of bitter almonds. But not all people feel it, about 40% of the population, owners of a certain allele of genes.

In fairness, I could not find a description of the case when a person ate peach or apricot pits to the state of a lifeless carcass, but poisoning with hospitalization has been described repeatedly. Although, if you think about it, nothing is impossible. I will not make calculations so as not to fall under distribution for promoting self- and mutual sawing methods, the necessary numbers are very easy to find by any search engine, but the number of bones for the last eating in life is not so industrial.

On the other hand, in the south of Russia, in the language of my grandmother, it is very common to “hot bobs”, when apricots are disassembled into two components, the pulp goes to apricots (a kind of dried fruit), and “bobs”, that is, bones, are also laid out on metal surfaces and "hot" in the sun. Then these "beans" are eaten in the manner of seeds, in fairly tangible quantities. I suspect that such heat treatment destroys a significant part of the amygdalin with prunasin, otherwise I would not have survived a single summer in the countryside.

Combat past

The effectiveness of cyanides for targeted elimination of the enemy has always attracted the military. But large-scale experiments became possible only at the beginning of the 20th century, when the chemical industry developed so much that cyanide could be produced, stored and even delivered to the enemy. On July 1, 1916, French troops in the battles near the Somme River used hydrogen cyanide for the first time on German positions. However, the gas cylinder attack, to put it mildly, was unsuccessful. The fact is that the density of HCN vapor in the air is less than unity, so it was not possible to repeat the “chlorine” trick with an ominous cloud creeping along the ground. Plus, at high humidity, a rather rapid hydrolysis of the poisonous substance occurred.

Repeated attempts were made to weight hydrogen cyanide with arsenic trichloride, tin chloride and chloroform, but in vain. Combat concentration stubbornly did not gain. So the use of cyanide in open spaces had to be forgotten. But this class of substances still attracted maniacs who dreamed of the mass destruction of the enemy. During the Second World War, the German Nazis excelled in this sense. However, this story is worth dwelling on in more detail.

Exterminators in New Orleans, 1939 In containers - the same "Cyclone".

As early as the end of the 19th century, hydrocyanic acid was used as a fumigator. Insecticide properties were first demonstrated in California in the treatment of orange trees. The instability of the connection in this case turned out to be a big plus, the American experience was liked, spread to other countries, HCN began to process storage facilities, holds of steamships, and freight cars.

The German chemical school and the chemical industry that grew up on the results of its work at the beginning of the 20th century knew no equal. Outstanding scientists worked for the benefit of the country, including the Nobel laureate of 1918 (who actually received the prize in the non-war 1919) Fritz Haber. With his submission, the idea of the Americans was taken for revision. In the newly founded "German Society for Pest Control" (Degesch), a group of researchers led by Haber modified the insecticide. They applied an adsorbent to reduce the volatility of the HCN. Before use, the pellets had to be immersed in water to release the hydrogen cyanide accumulated in them. The product was named "Cyclone".

In 1922, Degesch was taken over by the Degussa company. In 1926, a patent for the insecticide "Zyklon B" was registered for a group of developers. The letter "B" was added to distinguish it from the first version. The second had a more powerful sorbent, stabilizer, and a special marker - an irritant that caused eye irritation, added in order to avoid accidental poisoning. Later, the giant IG Farben also joined the management of Degesch, sales of Zyklon B grew, and it was especially popular in the USA.

Meanwhile, Haber quietly developed the military direction in the work of Degesch. His position was expressed by the following phrase: “In peacetime, a scientist belongs to the world, in wartime, to his country,” so he not only supported the idea of chemical weapons, but also promoted it in every possible way. So, he was personally present at the first gas attack at Ypres, even received the rank of captain of the Kaiser's army, many of his achievements were of purely military importance. “If soldiers die in a war, then what difference does it make - from what exactly,” Gaber said. Scientific and business career confidently went uphill. The polar fur animal, as usual, crept up imperceptibly.

In the 1930s, Haber was increasingly reminded of his origins. He naively believed that his services to Germany had long since made him a full-fledged German, but for the rising Nazis, he was primarily a Jew. The stunned Gaber began to look for options for work in the West, but there he was hiccupped by a position on chemical weapons. So, Ernest Rutherford, when meeting with Haber in England, defiantly refused to shake his hand.

In 1933, Haber and his family nevertheless left Germany, they moved to France, then to Spain, then to Switzerland, then he was offered a place in the Middle East, but Haber's health failed completely, and in January 1934 he died in Basel. The family moved to England, the children even became British subjects. By and large, it’s good that Gaber did not see for what purposes the Nazis used Zyklon B ...

Gas formula CS.

The Americans were also interested in combat cyanides, however, they were truly French, of the 1916 model. But they did find something interesting as a by-product. So, in 1928, Ben Corson and Roger Stoughton obtained the cyanocarbon chlorobenzalmalondinitrile, better known - by the first letters of the names of the developers - as CS gas, the first representative of the so-called police gases. Despite the fact that CS is considered a non-lethal compound, there is evidence that at certain concentrations in enclosed or poorly ventilated areas it can be a very combat agent. It seems to be how it was tested by the Americans on the Vietnamese during the cleaning of partisan tunnels, however, the partisans responded in the same way, using CS against the southerners.

Hydrocyanic acid vapors were also used in the USA for the execution of criminals. The first experience in 1923 was not very successful - after the OV was allowed into the death row, two guards joined him, the room turned out to be not entirely airtight. The mistake was taken into account and later executions were carried out in a specially equipped box. A device is installed behind the chair of the sentenced, in which potassium cyanide or sodium is immersed in sulfuric acid. As a result, HCN is released, which leads to death. Slow and painful. In 1992, during the execution of Donald Harding in Arizona, the agony of the condemned lasted 11 minutes. The representatives of the prosecutor's office who were present at the same time were constantly sick, and the head of the prison threatened to resign if he had to carry out such an execution again. The last execution in the gas chamber dates back to March 3, 1999, this method of killing is being actively replaced by more humane ones, mainly by lethal injection.

operand modus

140 mg of potassium cyanide. Enough for a lightweight boxer or a figure-conscious woman.

Surely many readers have a question - why 11 minutes? In films, it is enough to bite through the ampoule - and that's it, instantly in the sea. The question, as usual, rests on the dose. For hydrocyanic acid vapors DL50 - 2 g * min / cubic meter, that is, a lot, if you count on a medium-sized room. And the toxic effect begins earlier. So until the dose is reached.

With cyanides per os take it easy. Potassium cyanide per average consumer requires approximately 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. In this sense, we lose to rats (10 mg/kg bw), mice (8.5 mg/kg bw) and even rabbits (5 mg/kg bw). Why we lose is understandable, in their plant diet they encounter cyanides much more often than us, so they have adapted. Those who survived, of course.

Cyanides block the last step in the transfer of protons and electrons by the chain of respiratory enzymes from oxidizable substrates to oxygen. In other words, cellular respiration stops. This process is slow, hence such a pronounced dose-dependence and the relative slowness of death.

Slowness is minutes even at ultra-high doses. But what about Pleishner and others? Calm down, in films they almost don’t lie about this, they just show only the first phase of poisoning - loss of consciousness, and it really takes a few seconds. But then the agony lasts for a few more minutes - convulsions, first a rise, and then a drop in blood pressure, and only then a cessation of breathing and cardiac activity.

At lower doses, several periods of poisoning can even be tracked. First - a bitter taste and a burning sensation in the mouth, salivation, nausea, headache, shortness of breath, impaired coordination of movements, increasing weakness. Later, painful shortness of breath joins, there is not enough oxygen for the tissues, so the brain gives a command to speed up and deepen breathing. A very characteristic symptom, by the way, usually frequent breathing is superficial, but here there is such a powerful pumping of a large amount of air. Gradually, breathing is oppressed, another characteristic symptom appears - a short inhalation and a very long exhalation. The pulse becomes more rare, the pressure drops, the pupils dilate, the skin and mucous membranes turn pink, and do not turn blue or turn pale, as in other cases of hypoxia. If the dose is non-lethal, everything is limited to this, after a few hours the status quo is restored.

If the picture continues to unfold, now it is the turn of loss of consciousness and convulsions. Arrhythmia occurs, cardiac arrest is possible. If the death did not interrupt the torment of the poisoned, a paralytic period develops, when sensitivity is completely lost, reflexes disappear, muscles relax, including sphincters (that is, involuntary defecation and urination), extreme hypotension, coma. And in a coma, waiting for what will rise first - heart or breathing - the patient can spend up to several days.

Incident of Rasputin

With your permission, I will not describe the entire antidote therapy. Cobalt EDTA, amyl nitrite, methylene blue, anticyan, sodium thiosulfate - all this is known, tested and works. Let us dwell only on the most interesting - glucose.

The first reports that sugars can neutralize cyanides appeared at the end of the 19th century. The chemistry of the reaction was explained by the German chemists Rupp and Golze only in 1915:

The principle is quite simple: substances that contain an aldehyde group react with cyanides to form cyanohydrins. The longer the contact, the less cyanide remains.

Wax figures of Felix Yusupov and Grigory Rasputin at the scene of the murder. Exposition at the Yusupov Palace on the Moika.

If this fact had been known to Prince Yusupov or one of the conspirators who had joined him - Purishkevich or Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich - they would not have filled the cakes and wine intended to treat Grigory Rasputin with potassium cyanide. However, there is an opinion that he was not poisoned at all, and the story about the poison appeared to confuse the investigation. Now we will never know whether there was potassium cyanide in this story or not: no poison was found in the stomach of the "royal friend", but this means absolutely nothing. No one was looking for cyanohydrins there, because there was no Internet then, knowledge spread very slowly.

It is known that the case of Rasputin was of great interest to the French, who, as we already know, screwed up with hydrocyanic acid on the battlefield in the same 1916, but five months earlier. Later, they found that sugar has both preventive and curative effects. By the way, I categorically do not advise you to test this on yourself or others! But the fact that people who are exposed to cyanide at work carry a couple of lumps of sugar with them has been heard. It is clear that glucose through the vein works more efficiently, but without fish it will do.

Why "cyanide"? The cyano group in combination with iron gives a rich bright blue color. The best-known compound is Prussian blue, a mixture of hexacyanoferrates with the idealized formula Fe 7 (CN) 18 . I talked about her as an antidote

Hydrocyanic acid is a potent toxic substance of toxic action. The pungent smell is reminiscent of the bitterness of almonds. Density, which changes upon coming into contact with reagents. The mechanism of action of SC has been studied in great detail. This toxic substance, getting into the tissue causes oxygen starvation. But there is a lot of oxygen in the blood. HCN reacts well with oxidized iron.

Hydrocyanic acid is a potent poison

Therefore, the action of a toxic substance on the enzymes of the respiratory system, which includes ferric iron, causes inactivation of tissue respiration, which leads to the development of tissue hypoxia. It is also known that cyanides lead to hypoxia, and act on the central nervous system.

Hydrocyanic acid is a gaseous and colorless liquid, the density of which is 0.699, with a characteristic low boiling point. The acid has an almond smell. This density is due to the fact that this toxic substance, reacting, becomes a liquid or acquires a gaseous form. In gaseous form, there is an almond smell. It easily combines with water and organic solvents.

With a temperature regime of over 13 degrees, it turns into a hardened fibrous - crystalline form with no smell. Cyanide enters the body through the air when a person inhales its vapors. The main mechanism of entry is inhalation. SC belongs to the type of potent toxic substances. In nature, hydrocyanic acid (hydrocyanic acid) does not occur in free form. Therefore, SC poisoning occurs under the mechanism of chemical reactions. These include:

Amygdalin. It is found in the stones of: peaches, cherries, plums, apricots, in the families of bitter almonds;
Prunazine. Found in Pennsylvania cherry;
Durrin. Contained in millet, and the combustion of celluloid forms hydrocyanic acid. It is present in cigarette smoke.

SA content in plants and seeds of various fruits

Almond contains 2% amygdalin

This natural formation is part of the glycosides. By themselves, they are less toxic as long as they are whole. Only the mechanism of transformations is broken, hydrocyanic acid is released. At high humidity, hydrocyanic acid is formed in the pits of fruits: peaches, apricots, pears, cherries, plums, bird cherry. But not in grapes. Its whole berries can be used to make wine.

With the above fruits, it is dangerous to do so. Almond contains 2% amygdalin. The toxic substance itself is found in bitter varieties of nuts. Therefore, it easily breaks down into sugar and hydrogen cyanide. It is recommended to use after appropriate heat treatment, and children should not. The dose that can lead to the death of a child is 10 pcs., For adults - more than 50 pcs.

Almonds contain much more hydrocyanic acid than apricot, cherry or apple fruits. The percentage of amygdalin in peach families is 3%, in bird cherry - 6%. Prussic acid is absent in peach seed oil. It is pleasant in smell and taste. And the stone is much more dangerous than in apricot, bird cherry and cherry. 1.8% is found in apricot kernels. It is not recommended to consume more than ten nucleoli, this can lead to poisoning of the body.

In sweet varieties, there is little hydrogen cyanide, because they are practically safe. Cherry pit contains - 0.8%. Jam with a bone is not dangerous, since amygdalin is destroyed during high heat treatment. The seeds of apples contain the least poisonous substance. But it is better to extract the seeds in order to avoid poisoning, especially in children.

The percentage, amygdalin in peach families is 3%

Not only for beauty, a person fell in love with bird cherry. Bird cherry belongs to the Rosaceae family. Its fruits have astringent properties and a wonderful smell. Bird cherry bark is used for fever and rheumatism, leaves - for diseases of the respiratory system and lungs, eye lotions are prepared from bird cherry color. But in reality, this plant contains hydrocyanic acid, except for the fruits. Therefore, compote with bird cherry is recommended, only as a strengthening drink.

Bird cherry should not be consumed by pregnant women; this will adversely affect the baby. Do not give in large quantities to children, as excessive consumption will lead to toxic poisoning of the body with hydrocyanic acid. A pleasant smell during the flowering period of lilac and bird cherry also releases hydrocyanic acid. SC (hydrocyanic acid) is a fast-acting poisonous substance.

Frozen fruits with berries should be stored for no more than a year. Since during long-term storage, the mechanism of destruction of amygdalin occurs, which contributes to the release of hydrocyanic acid. It is also released during rapid defrosting.

The poison penetrates the mucous membrane, gastrointestinal tract, open wounds with cuts. In case of vapor poisoning, a bitter taste is felt in the oral cavity, slight nausea and headache are noted. Shortness of breath appears, a person begins to panic and loses consciousness. Poisoning with a large dose leads to death.

At the first symptoms of toxic stone poisoning: cherries, pears, almonds, bird cherry, you should immediately provide first aid and call an ambulance. At the initial stages, it is easier to stop intoxication. The more severe the degree of toxic poisoning, the more dangerous it is for the body.

Bird cherry seeds contain 6% amygdalin

A significant amount of poisoning (SC) occurs at manufacturing plants. There, its salts are used to make plastics, rubber, aromatic substances, herbicides and other things. The mechanism for manufacturing such products is dangerous for an unprotected human body. Hydrocyanic acid has a specific smell, which is extremely dangerous for humans.

Symptoms of Hydrocyanide Poisoning

Signs of poisoning are observed if the poison is ingested. That is, inhaling its vapors or, the skin was affected. The rapid effect of the toxin on the body depends on the route of entry and the manifestation of the clinical picture. A severe degree occurs if the poison has entered the respiratory system. Symptoms appear instantly. At a high content, death occurs almost immediately.

When it enters the esophagus, the acid "lurks" and does not make itself felt for some time. Intoxication occurs even more slowly and more severely if the poisoning occurs through the tissues of the skin. Active physical activity, elevated room temperature will lead to profuse sweating, and the latent period will last up to an hour and a half.

At high doses of hydrocyanic acid, a person loses consciousness

The main signs of SC poisoning

The mucous membrane and skin of a person are painted in a bright pink color. The smell of almond bitterness prevails.
Abundant salivation, accompanied by perspiration, bitterness in the mouth and a specific taste of metal.
The digestive system reacts to poisoning with increased urge to vomit and nausea.
Cardiac system. The pulse quickens with the appearance of severe pain in the chest. In the last stages, tachycardia is replaced by rapid breathing and a slow pulse.
Respiratory system. Here there is frequent breathing with obvious signs of arrhythmia.
Nervous system. At this stage, numbness of the mouth occurs, incoherent speech, headache, and violation of the rhetoric of movements appear. The pupils dilate with complete loss of consciousness. As a result, convulsions, involuntary urination, coma and death.

To determine the degree of damage to the SC, it is possible according to the signs:

sudden onset of symptoms of a lesion;
clear and rapid development of the clinical picture;
in the inhaled air smell of bitter almonds;
bright red color of the skin and mucous membranes;
dilated pupils.

SC lesions are similar to other toxic and toxic substances that provoke the development of seizures (Fov lesions, carbon monoxide poisoning). The smell of acid triggers the action of the poison, which endangers the human body.

In case of hydrocyanic acid poisoning, the skin becomes red, and the mucous membranes become bluish.

Lethal dose for humans

It fluctuates within 50 mg, it is:

about a hundred apricot seeds;
30 gr. bitter almonds;
50 cherry and peach kernels;
200 apple seeds.

The action of hydrogen cyanide destroys not only the gastrointestinal tract, but also: kidneys, liver, heart. Sugar is the antidote.

First aid to the victim

As soon as the first symptoms appear, the person must be laid horizontally, in order to avoid the spread of poison throughout the body and body. If the poison has entered the esophagus, rinse the stomach, induce vomiting. It is called in a person who is conscious. To do this, you need three glasses of water with the addition of 3 teaspoons per glass. Next, gastric lavage with milk diluted with boiled water.

An excellent effect on the body will have a weak solution of potassium permanganate with activated charcoal. They are antidotes. If there are signs of clinical death, then immediately carry out resuscitation actions for the arrival of emergency help. If the toxin gets on the skin, carefully remove clothes and wipe the affected areas with soapy water, without smearing it all over the body! Otherwise, the poison suction action will have a haste effect. Hydrogen cyanide is poison. And the wrong help will lead to death.

List of antidotes used in case of poisoning. These include:

baking soda;
sugar;
Activated carbon;
camphor;
a couple of vinegar.

Timely first aid helps to neutralize toxic substances and prevents complications.

Therapeutic measures for SC poisoning

An antidote is used to treat

SC antidotes are divided into groups that, in reaction with HCN, neutralize the toxic substance. The use of methemoglobin began based on the main mechanism of action of SC. Because oxidized iron is in the methemoglobin molecule, and hydrogen cyanide, reacting with it, forms cyanmethemoglobin. Methemoglobin is converted with the help of nitrites.

Their antidote action occurs by inhalation using two ampoules of 0.5 ml of amyl nitrite, intravenously - one percent sodium nitrite (30 ml). An overdose of these drugs is very dangerous and leads to vascular insufficiency. Therefore, it is necessary not to exceed the permissible norms, and if it is necessary to continue antidote treatment, then use other antidotes.

Methemoglobin formers do not cleanse the body of the toxin, but temporarily block cyanogen. Therefore, nitrites are used in conjunction with other SK antidotes to avoid relapse of intoxication. Antidote therapy is carried out jointly: first, nitrites, then - hyposulfite with a chromosome. They have a slow action, but completely remove the poison.

Resuscitation

Tracheal intubation is performed, followed by artificial ventilation of the lungs. Hydrocyanic acid poisoning provokes the development of Parkinson's disease and disruption of the cerebellum.

Action of acid during freezing. Frozen fruits with berries should be stored for no more than a year. Since during long-term storage, the mechanism of destruction of amygdalin occurs, which contributes to the release of hydrocyanic acid. It is also released during rapid defrosting.

Prevention

In order not to become a victim of poisoning and not be at risk, it is necessary in a timely manner:

constantly ventilate the room where work with toxins was carried out;
follow the safety instructions;
observe personal hygiene;
regular monitoring of the level of toxic substances;
check equipment for serviceability.

Each person should be informed about first aid methods for hydrocyanic acid poisoning. The use of hydrocyanic acid at home leads to irreversible consequences. It is important to know that hydrocyanic acid, which has entered the body in small doses, is neutralized naturally. Therefore, the clinical picture of poisoning does not appear.

Gas poisoning occurs frequently. Such intoxications are of great danger due to the lack of smell in some gaseous substances, a person does not feel them. However, many compounds have specific odors. People are advised to know how gases smell like poisons in order to help a person in time.

What is gas

A gas is a substance with minimal bonds between molecules and actively moving particles. Any gas has fluidity, the ability to deform, volatility. Easily compressed and reduced in volume. Gases are classified according to certain characteristics.

Classification:

Oxidizers. Such compounds do not burn, but contribute to the ignition process and support it.
Inert. They do not participate in the combustion process, they displace oxygen and affect its intensity.
combustible. Substances of this group are flammable or explode when reacting with oxygen.

Gas poisoning can be acute or chronic. In the first case, the symptoms in a person appear immediately and intensely, in the chronic form, intoxication develops gradually. A harmful substance enters the body through the respiratory tract, then spreads through the bloodstream to all systems. Isolate deadly, annoying, and temporarily incapacitating compounds.

Many gases exude a specific odor, upon smelling which a person must go out into the fresh air. It is recommended to know the characteristic signs of toxic compounds, and what kind of gas smells like, in order to provide first aid to the victim if necessary.

What poison smells like almonds? The characteristic smell of almonds is inherent in hydrocyanic acid and its salts. The sensation in the air of such a sign indicates the presence of cyan, a colorless gas that appears as a result of the combination of carbon with.

When the hydrocyanic acid solution evaporates, a similar smell arises. Where is hydrocyanic acid found? In nature, a similar substance is found in the seeds of apricots, cherries, peaches.

In case of an overdose of gas with the smell of bitter almonds, a metallic taste in the mouth, headache, nausea, and the urge to vomit occur. The work of the nervous system is disturbed in the victim, irritability, panic attacks appear.

After a while, the respiratory system fails, breathing stops. Such poisoning with the smell of almonds requires a quick reaction, it is recommended to immediately consult a doctor.

What gas smells like garlic

Which gas smells like garlic? The characteristic smell of the plant is present in the gas with the name Mustard gas. Sometimes the aroma of mustard is felt, not garlic. It is a liquid that slowly evaporates in air. - one of the strongest and most dangerous poisons, used as a combat substance.

Mustard poisoning proceeds slowly. Gas affects the nerve endings, causes an analgesic effect. Therefore, in the initial stages of intoxication, a person does not experience discomfort. The absence of symptoms continues throughout the day. After a similar period, a person has a violation of breathing and organs of vision.

In acute poisoning, there are failures in the respiratory process, blue skin and mucous membranes, and pulmonary edema is possible. Lack of treatment leads to death.

What gas smells like rotten eggs

Hydrogen sulfide smells rotten. The gas is not without color, has a sweetish aftertaste. In high concentrations, it can destroy metal. Dangerous for humans. When inhaled, nausea, dizziness, convulsive manifestations occur.

In severe cases, there is loss of consciousness, falling into a coma, death. If signs of poisoning are found, you should immediately contact a medical facility.

The smell of sauerkraut is a gas

The appearance of the smell of sour cabbage indicates an increase in the concentration of mercaptans. These are strong nerve gases, have a narcotic effect, provoke paralysis of muscle tissue.

Compound with the smell of rotten cabbage provoke nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, disruption of the intestines, the appearance of blood in the urine. The toxic effect is similar to. If the smell of cabbage is felt in the air, it is recommended to urgently leave the room.

Gas that smells like apples

A slight smell of apples or blossoming apple trees is felt from liquid Sarin. In the gaseous state, this substance is colorless and odorless. When ingested, the substance is absorbed and adversely affects the nervous system.

Serious changes in the work of many organs are diagnosed, the composition of the blood changes. Currently used exclusively for industrial purposes. The smell of rotten apples is felt at a concentration of phosgene, diphosgene in the air.

If the smell of bird cherry gas

Chloroacetophenone gas has the smell of bird cherry, it was used to disperse demonstrations and capture criminals. Over time, they were replaced by safer substances. It has low volatility, however, concentrating in the air does not make it possible to be without a gas mask.

It belongs to strong poisons, has an irritating effect on the mucous membranes, respiratory tract, and skin.

Gas smells like fish - what to do

The smell of rotten fish is characteristic - phosphine. When inhaled, disruption of the stomach and intestines occurs, breathing problems occur, and malfunctions of the cardiac and nervous systems are noted.

Poisoning develops rapidly, immediate assistance is required. With a high concentration of gas in the air, death occurs after a short period of time, with a weak poisoning, chronic intoxication develops.

Gas with the smell of cinnamon

Gas with the aroma of cinnamon to a greater extent is a legend associated with the death of Vasily Shukshin. The second name is heart attack gas. However, there is no exact information about such a substance, so it is wrong to assert its negative effect on the body.

According to rumors, Vasily Shukshin died from the fact that someone let infarction gas into his cabin, the official version is heart failure.

What to do if you are poisoned by any kind of gas

In case of gas poisoning, it is necessary to remove the victim from the zone of action of the substance into the open air. You can't work on saving a person alone. Some gases pose a serious danger, you can get poisoned in a split second.

In rooms with a leak, fire safety is observed, since the gas is explosive.

No smoking,
Don't turn on the light
Don't light matches
Do not use electrical appliances.

A small spark is enough to cause a strong explosion. After pulling the victim out into the street, they call a team of doctors. Before they appear, the poisoned person is given first aid.

Actions:

Unfasten tight clothing on the victim;
If possible, eliminate the leakage of poisonous gas - shut off the valves on the stove and pipes, remove the ignition in the car;
The person is laid on a horizontal surface so that the legs are slightly higher than the head;
It is recommended to apply ice to the head;
The poisoned person is given sorbents, watered with a large volume of water;
If vomiting occurs, the patient is placed on his side to avoid choking with vomit;
Performing artificial respiration is carried out through a mask, this will help not to inhale toxic substances.

Further treatment is carried out in a medical institution. The duration depends on the patient's condition, the gas that caused the poisoning and other indicators.

Methods of treatment and prevention

Treatment must be carried out in a hospital. First of all, the victim is connected to an oxygen cylinder for several hours. Then they carry out the necessary examinations and select the appropriate drugs.

Medicines:

Anti-inflammatory drugs will not allow the spread of inflammation in the respiratory tract;
Anticonvulsants will help get rid of spasmodic manifestations in the muscles;
If necessary, use painkillers;
Be sure to use a complex of vitamins;
Sorbents contribute to the rapid removal of toxins from the body.

Treatment is carried out until the full restoration of the functioning of the organs. The development of negative consequences is possible, however, with proper and timely treatment, the prognosis is favorable.

Prevention

It is possible to avoid poisoning with any gas if safety precautions are observed. If an unpleasant and foreign smell is felt in the air, it is recommended to leave the room and call the appropriate services. It is forbidden to use a light switch and light a fire in places with an unpleasant smell to avoid a sharp fire.

In the event of gas poisoning, the victim is provided with access to clean air and first aid is provided. A visit to a medical facility is a must.

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Valued for the nutritious core that is in it.

Basically, two types of almonds are known - bitter and sweet. If everything is known about the first, then the second always remains in the shadows. So let's talk about bitter almonds.

A bit of history

Ancient Egypt knew about the healing properties of almonds. In addition, the Egyptians revered it as a symbol of the spring rebirth of all nature. In the Persian state, almonds were considered the food of exclusively wealthy residents and were served as an exquisite delicacy. And in the Bible, this is a sign of approval of the actions and actions of Aaron.

The legendary Silk Road helped the almond reach the Mediterranean coast. And in the XVIII century, thanks to the Franciscans, an exotic product came to the United States. At present, the state of California is the main supplier of quality almonds.

Modernity

During the Great Patriotic War, this plant became the embodiment of resilience. On Malakhov Kurgan, where there was not even a meter of unexploded earth, almonds survived. The tree, the only one that remained intact, was cut by bullets and shrapnel, with broken branches and barely holding on to its roots. And yet it survived. For many decades in a row, every spring it blooms magnificently, giving a generous harvest.

Currently, almonds have chosen the mountains of the Tien Shan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, and northern Iran. In Crimea, mainly sweet varieties of nuts are grown. In Slovakia, it is planted mixed with grapes. Grapes also benefit from such a neighborhood, and protect the vine from the winds and the hot sun.

Where applicable

Bitter varieties of almonds are widely used in perfumery. Various fragrances for eau de toilette and perfumes are produced from the oil. High-quality toilet soap, medicinal creams are made from it.

Bitter almonds are part of expensive alcohol. Not only the kernel goes into production, but also the shell. It flavors and improves the taste of liqueurs. For example, almonds are added to Amaretto liquor, which gives this drink a refined and rich taste.

In medicine, bitter almond infusion is known as a sedative (sedative) remedy. Fatty oil is used for injection, it dissolves camphor well. Considered a mild laxative. Scientists recommend it for patients with radiation sickness.

In the confectionery industry, the nut kernel is used as a flavoring agent in cakes, pastries, various desserts, muffins. The smell of bitter almonds cannot be confused with any other aroma. It is so fragrant, thin and delicious!

The composition of the nut

The main difference between bitter almonds and sweet ones is in the composition of the nut. The kernels of the bitter nut are rich in glycoside, which, in turn, quickly decomposes into sugars, benzaldehydes and hydrogen cyanide or It is a strong toxic substance, leading to death.

The lethal dose for a child is 10 pieces, for an adult - 50 pieces. That is why walnut kernels should not be consumed without preliminary heat treatment.

What is for women

But despite the fact that almonds in large quantities are harmful, you should not be biased towards them. It has many useful qualities:

Almond milk smoothes wrinkles on the face, making it smooth and elastic.
. Selected high-quality fat is used for massage.
. An infusion of bitter almond kernels effectively removes freckles, age spots.
. The nut kernel contains a lot of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins B, E and PP.
. Contains potassium, sodium, iron, magnesium.
. Bitter almonds are an excellent prophylactic against cancer.
. Raw nuts improve the functioning of the digestive tract and strengthen the circulatory system.
. Almonds alleviate the condition with migraines, tachycardia, fight insomnia.
. Almonds in combination with wine will relieve the scalp of dandruff.
. Crushed walnut treats cough, asthmatic attacks, pleurisy.

In addition, bitter almond extract copes with stretch marks and cellulite. A few nut kernels a day will make hair thick, eyelashes fluffy, teeth and nails strong. Bitter almonds will prolong and preserve beauty and youth for many years.

Women who consume several almond kernels during menopause easily and painlessly endure this unpleasant condition.

Bitter almond oil gently and well removes make-up, and during a massage makes the skin of the body velvety and smooth.

Contraindications

Like everything that nature gives us, bitter almonds also have a ban on their use.

It is strictly forbidden to consume a large number of walnut kernels. 2-3 pieces per day is enough to cover the daily requirement.
. Almonds are also a strong allergen. People suffering from allergic reactions should not eat it.
. Almonds are a high-calorie product. Excessive consumption can lead to the appearance of extra pounds.
. It is forbidden to eat unripe nuts, this leads to severe food poisoning.
. Pregnant women should be very careful with bitter almonds.
. Children should be especially carefully monitored, a dose of more than 10 pieces is fatal.

But despite the list of contraindications, the benefits of almonds for a woman are obvious. Therefore, it is simply necessary to use funds from it and eat several cores a day.

Not to mention the almond blossom. It is surprisingly touching and pure. Pink, white and deep pink flowers bloom in early spring. The buds open before the leaves appear. Therefore, spring frosts often destroy the entire ovary on the trees.

The phenomenon is amazing and lasts for several weeks. The trees are strewn with soft pink flowers, which, with their spicy smell, attract swarms of hungry bees after hibernation. A little more, and the petals will swirl in a pink blizzard, lying under your feet like a delicate silk tablecloth.

This plant is very unpretentious, grows anywhere. The main thing is to have a lot of light and heat. The almond tree is a long-liver. 130-150 years - this is the period of his life. And this is not the limit.

Lethal-synthetic "bobs"

The history of cyanides can be traced confidently almost to the first written sources that have come down to us. The ancient Egyptians, for example, used peach pits to extract a deadly essence, which in the papyri exhibited in the Louvre is simply called "peach", in the context of "under pain of punishment by a peach" or "under pain of death by a peach." It is clear that, if desired, you can also kill the whole fetus if you block their natural openings, but we are talking about a more reliable, chemical method.

In my opinion, the story with amygdalin is more beautiful, but for some reason it is not mentioned so often in textbooks. Let's clear up this misunderstanding.

So, this is what an amygdalin molecule looks like:

Hydrolysis of amygdalin in the stomach leads to the exclusion of one molecule of glucose from the original formula. We get prunazine:

Combat past

Exterminators in New Orleans, 1939 In containers - the same "Cyclone".

Gas formula CS.

operand modus

140 mg of potassium cyanide. Enough for a lightweight boxer or a figure-conscious woman.

Incident of Rasputin

The first reports that sugars can neutralize cyanides appeared at the end of the 19th century. The chemistry of the reaction was explained by the German chemists Rupp and Golze only in 1915:

The principle is quite simple: substances that contain an aldehyde group react with cyanides to form cyanohydrins. The longer the contact, the less cyanide remains.

Wax figures of Felix Yusupov and Grigory Rasputin at the scene of the murder. Exposition at the Yusupov Palace on the Moika.