Consequences of eating genetically modified foods
for human health
Scientists identify the following main risks of eating genetically modified foods:
1. Immune suppression, allergic reactions and metabolic disorders, as a result of the direct action of transgenic proteins.
The long-term impact of the new proteins that are produced by GMO inserted genes is unknown. A person has never used them before and therefore it is not clear how the human body will react after 10-15 years of eating GMOs.
A case in point is the attempt to cross-breed Brazil nut genes with soybean genes in an effort to increase nutritional value the latter, their protein content was increased. However, as it turned out later, the combination turned out to be a strong allergen, and it had to be withdrawn from further production.
Food allergy is a fairly common and steadily growing phenomenon among the population of developed countries. This is due, first of all, to an unfavorable ecological situation, a change in the traditional diet, to which every nation has adapted over many centuries, and modern technologies Food Industry leading to an increased content of various xenobiotics in food. And in this sense, the characteristics of transgenic proteins with insecticidal activity should be given close attention, since approximately half of pathogenesis-dependent plant proteins are allergens. Increasing their content in disease-resistant plant varieties has a direct risk of increasing the allergenicity of food products made on the basis of these varieties.
In Sweden, where transgenes are banned, 7% of the population suffer from allergies, and in the US, where they are sold even without labeling, 70.5%.
Children's allergies - exudative diathesis and neurodermatitis, generally have a special status in allergology. The immune system a person is finally formed only by the age of 12–14, and the intestinal flora adapted to “adult” food - by the age of 3. mucous membrane digestive tract the child has increased permeability, as for nutrients as well as for pathogens. Children's body reacts sharply to “foreign” proteins to which it is not adapted, hence the especially high sensitivity to allergens. Based on numerous observations, pharmacologists recommended the complete elimination of GMOs from baby food.
Also, according to one version, the meningitis epidemic among English children was caused by a weakened immune system as a result of the use of GM-containing milk chocolate and waffle biscuits.
2. Various health disorders as a result of the appearance in GMOs of new, unplanned proteins or metabolic products toxic to humans.
There is already convincing evidence of a violation of the stability of the plant genome when a foreign gene is inserted into it. All this can cause a change in the chemical composition of GMOs and the emergence of unexpected properties, including toxic ones.
For example, for the production of the food additive tryptophan in the United States in the late 80s. In the 20th century, the GMH bacterium was created. However, along with the usual tryptophan, for an unknown reason, she began to produce ethylene-bis-tryptophan. As a result of its use, 5 thousand people fell ill, of which 37 people died, 1,500 became disabled.
Independent experts claim that genetically modified crops emit 1020 times more toxins than conventional organisms.
A. Pusztai showed the effect of transgenic potato modified with snowdrop lectin on the histological level - on the condition of the intestinal mucosa, partial atrophy of the liver and changes in the thymus, and on the physiological level - on the relative weight of the internal organs of rats kept for 9 months on an appropriate diet, compared with controls fed untransformed potatoes
Digestive enzymes of insects, in particular their functional domains, have retained a high structural similarity to similar enzymes in vertebrates, including humans, which leads to a similar effect of plant inhibitor proteins on them.
Prolonged exposure of rats to soy proteinase inhibitors, as a dietary supplement, or to raw soybean meal, resulted in hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pancreas, up to neoplastic neoplasms and carcinomas. A similar effect of soybean endopeptidase inhibitors on the pancreas has also been noted for humans.
3. Appearance of resistance of human pathogenic microflora to antibiotics.
When obtaining GMOs, marker genes of resistance to antibiotics are still used, which can pass into the intestinal microflora, which has been shown in relevant experiments, and this, in turn, can lead to medical problems - the inability to cure many diseases.
Since December 2004, the EU has banned the sale of GMOs using antibiotic resistance genes. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that manufacturers refrain from using these genes, but corporations have not completely abandoned them. The risk of such GMOs, as noted in the Oxford Great Encyclopedic Reference, is quite large and "we have to admit that genetic engineering is not as harmless as it might seem at first glance"
4. Health disorders associated with the accumulation of herbicides in the human body.
Most of the known transgenic plants are not killed by the massive use of agricultural chemicals and can accumulate them. There is evidence that sugar beets resistant to the herbicide glyphosate accumulate its toxic metabolites.
5. Reducing the intake of essential substances into the body.
According to independent experts, it is still impossible to say for sure, for example, whether the composition of conventional soybeans and GM analogues is equivalent or not. When comparing various published scientific data, it turns out that some indicators, in particular, the content of phytoestrogens, vary significantly.
6. Remote carcinogenic and mutagenic effects.
Each insertion of a foreign gene into the body is a mutation, it can cause undesirable consequences in the genome, and no one knows what this will lead to, and no one can know today.
According to research by British scientists within the framework of the state project "Assessment of the risk associated with the use of GMOs in human food" published in 2002, transgenes tend to linger in the human body and, as a result of the so-called "horizontal transfer", integrate into the genetic apparatus of microorganisms human intestines. Previously, this possibility was denied.
7. Infertility, miscarriage.
Laboratory studies on rats showed that, compared with the control group fed ordinary food, in the group of urys eating GMOs, 50% of the litter died (rat pups were born dead, or died immediately after birth). The second generation of rats in the group fed with GMO food had no offspring at all.
Now obstetricians are wondering why in recent times there are so many "missed pregnancies" and many infertile couples. It is likely that the rampant use of GMOs in the food industry is already having an impact.
P.S. My girlfriend gave birth to a child gave birth to a child only the third time. Two pregnancies before that were "frozen".
Genetically modified foods have been the hottest topic of ongoing debate over the past few years. Opinions are divided, some say that these products pose a great danger to human health, while others, on the contrary, argue that the harm of these products has not yet been proven by any study. To eat or not to eat genetically modified foods?
What are genetically modified foods and how are they obtained?
Genetically modified (GMO) or transgenic organisms (plants) are those in whose genetic structure a “target gene” from other plant or animal species has been introduced in order to give them qualitatively new properties that are useful for humans. For example, to increase the yield of wheat, create a variety that is resistant to drought, to any pests, weeds, to improve the palatability of plants, extend their shelf life, etc.
Work on the breeding of genetically modified plants is carried out in laboratory conditions. To do this, first, a gene is isolated from any plant or animal necessary for transplantation, and then it is introduced into the cell of the plant whose properties are to be improved. All genetically modified plants, as a rule, are tested for food and biological safety.
There are about 50 plant species in the world produced using the achievements of genetic engineering, including soybeans, rice, eggplants, apples, rye, wheat, cabbage, rapeseed, strawberries, tobacco, cucumbers, corn, cotton. Directly in Russia, a ban has been imposed on the production of genetically modified plants and, accordingly, products. However, there is no ban on the import of such products from abroad and on their sale. The result of this is the diversity on the shelves of our stores of products made from genetically modified plants, for example, soybeans: protein products for athletes semi-finished meat products, dry soy milk, ice cream, cheese and the like. In addition, there is a permit for the import of one genetically modified potato variety and two varieties of the same corn.
The benefits of genetically modified foods.
Undoubtedly, there is a benefit from genetically modified products, and it lies in the economic benefits. They help in solving many issues of supplying the population with agricultural products, including in the event of famine or drought. The area of arable land used for growing vegetables and cereals not only does not correspond to the growth rate of the world's population, it is also decreasing. Therefore, genetically modified plants and their cultivation can make it possible to increase crop yields several times even on small agricultural areas. In addition, the cultivation of genetically modified plants will help to significantly reduce production costs, which will affect the final cost of the product, which will be many times less. For example, a ton of “normal” wheat costs on average about three hundred dollars, while a ton of transgenic wheat costs only fifty dollars. There is a difference? And what is the savings? Of course, the production of such plants is beneficial both to the producers themselves (due to low costs) and to the consumers of this “raw material”, from which it can be made several times more product than from "normal".
However, despite such positive sides, most biologists say that it is not known how the use of genetically modified foods will affect human health in the future, after several generations, since today's studies have not yet proven any negative impact. Even, on the contrary, the cultivation of such plants can allow over time to get rid of various toxic substances (toxic chemicals) used today in large quantities in the production of various agricultural plants. This, in turn, will reduce the number of immune disorders, chronic (allergic) diseases, etc.
Why are genetically modified foods dangerous?
As mentioned above, all genetically engineered plants must be tested for safety. This is the crux of the problem. The public no one dedicates to the results of such studies. Therefore, a special institute of independent experts is needed, which will establish the reliability of all ongoing research. The need for such an institute is explained by the fact that many studies of this kind are carried out at the expense of financing manufacturing companies that benefit from a positive result, because genetically modified products will help not only recoup all costs, but also make huge profits. Therefore, there are various falsifications of research results. We won't go far for an example. When checking the safety of one of the modified potato varieties, it turned out that eating it can lead to changes in the composition of the blood and internal organs. And, despite this, the variety was approved and widely used by people for food. Big money has always been more important than health citizens.
Of course, the transgene itself, used by people, will not cause visible harm, since it cannot be introduced into the gene code of people. However, this gene will wander around the body and stimulate the synthesis of proteins that are not intended by nature for the human body. Therefore, what the result of such a synthesis will be in the future can only be assumed. Many scientists talk about the possible dangers that are associated with the use of genetically modified foods. Among them are food harm, namely, metabolic disorders, weakened immunity, the appearance of various non-harmful allergic reactions. In addition, the result of the use of products containing genetically modified organisms may be a violation of the structure of the gastric mucosa, resistance of the intestinal microflora to antibiotics. It is also possible to reduce the level of health associated with the accumulation of herbicides in the body, since genetically modified plants tend to accumulate them. The use of genetic engineering products can provoke the development of cancer.
The use of genetically modified plants also causes environmental damage, affecting cultivar formation. As a rule, one, sometimes two varieties of plants are taken to work with genes. Therefore, there is a possibility of extinction of many plant species. Radical ecologists warn that the use of genetically modified products shatters the gene pool, resulting in the emergence of mutant genes and their carriers will also be mutants. One way or another, but all the fears and warnings regarding the use of genetically modified foods will become apparent no earlier than after half a century, when the generation of people eating transgenic food will change.
What genetically modified products can be found on store shelves?
In most cases, the stores have genetically modified products from soybeans, corn, rapeseed, potatoes, as well as meat, vegetables, fruits, fish and some other products. Genetically modified plants can be used in baby food, sausages, chocolates, margarine, ice cream, vegetable oil, mayonnaise, bakery and confectionery. These products are according to their palatability they are in no way inferior to natural ones, only their cost is much lower. However, manufacturers do not always indicate on the labels of their products that they contain genetically modified organisms or these products are genetically modified. In our country, the requirements of sanitary and hygienic standards provide for the mandatory presence of information of this kind on the product, if GMOs in the composition of the genetically modified product are 0.9% or more of the total volume of the product. Despite this, such information is not always indicated on products.
For the production of products, genetically modified plants and organisms are used as raw materials by such well-known companies as Nestle (coffee, chocolate, children food), Hersheys ( soft drinks, chocolate), Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola (sweet carbonated drinks), McDonald's, Danone (dairy products, baby food), Similak (baby food) and some others.
Whether or not to purchase genetically modified products, each person decides for himself. But still, I would not take risks and consume products whose effects have not yet been studied, especially giving them to children whose bodies have not yet been formed. But that's just my opinion. The choice is yours.
The topic of eating genetically modified foods is very relevant. Someone considers genetic engineering a violence against nature, and someone is afraid for their own health and the manifestation of side effects. While there are debates all over the world about the benefits and, many people buy and eat them without even knowing it.
What are genetically modified foods?
AT modern society there is a trend towards proper nutrition, and everything fresh and natural gets on the table. People try to bypass everything that is obtained from genetically modified organisms, the constitution of which has been radically changed with the help of genetic engineering. You can reduce their use only if you have an idea of what GMOs are in food.
Today, up to 40% of GMO products are sold in supermarkets: vegetables, fruits, tea and coffee, chocolate, sauces, juices and soda, even. It only takes one GM component for a food to be labeled GMO. In the list:
- transgenic fruits, vegetables and possibly animals for food;
- products with GM ingredients (for example, transgenic corn);
- processed transgenic raw materials (for example, chips from transgenic corn).
How to distinguish genetically modified foods?
Genetically modified foods are obtained when a gene from one organism, bred in a laboratory, is planted in the cell of another. GMOs give a plant or a number of traits: resistance to pests, viruses, chemicals and external influences, but if genetically modified products regularly hit the shelves, how to distinguish them from natural ones? It is necessary to look at the composition and appearance:
- Genetically modified products (GMP) have a long shelf life and do not deteriorate. Perfectly even, smooth, non-flavorful vegetables and fruits - almost certainly with GMOs. The same goes for bakery products, which for a long time stay fresh.
- Frozen semi-finished products are stuffed with transgenes - dumplings, meatballs, dumplings, pancakes, ice cream.
- Products from the USA and Asia containing potato starch, soy flour and corn in 90% of GMO cases. If the product label states vegetable protein It's modified soy.
- cheap sausages usually contain soy concentrate, which is a GM ingredient.
- The presence may indicate nutritional supplements E 322 ( soy lecithin), E 101 and E 102 A (riboflavin), E415 (xanthan), E 150 (caramel) and others.
Genetically modified products - "for" and "against"
There is a lot of controversy about such food. People are concerned about the environmental risks of growing them: genetically mutated forms can end up in the wild and lead to global changes in ecological systems. Consumers are concerned about food risks: possible allergic reactions, poisoning, diseases. The question arises: are genetically modified products needed on the world market? It is not yet possible to get rid of them completely. They do not impair the taste of food, and the cost of transgenic variants is much lower than natural ones. There are both opponents and supporters of GMF.
Harm of GMOs
There is not a single one hundred percent confirmed study that would indicate that modified foods are harmful to the body. However, opponents of GMOs call a lot of hard facts:
- Genetic engineering can have dangerous and unpredictable side effects.
- Harms the environment due to greater use of herbicides.
- They can get out of control and spread, polluting the gene pool.
- Some studies claim that GM foods are harmful as a cause of chronic diseases.
Benefits of GMOs
Genetically modified foods have their benefits. As for plants, less chemicals accumulate in transgenic than in natural counterparts. Varieties with a modified constitution are resistant to various viruses, diseases and weather, they ripen much faster, and even more are stored, they fight pests on their own. With the help of transgenic intervention, the time for selection is significantly reduced. These are the undoubted advantages of GMOs, besides, advocates of genetic engineering argue that eating GMF is the only way to save humanity from hunger.
Why are genetically modified foods dangerous?
Despite all attempts to find benefits from the introduction of modern science, genetic engineering, genetically modified foods are most often referred to in a negative way. They carry three threats:
- Environment (emergence of resistant weeds, bacteria, reduction of species or numbers of plants and animals, chemical pollution).
- The human body (allergies and other diseases, metabolic disorders, changes in microflora, mutagenic effect).
- Global risks (economic security, activation of viruses).
Everyone already knows that GMOs exist. Many people suspect that GMOs are sold under the guise of conventional products, but no one knows for sure how this achievement of science will end for mankind. The whole world is divided into those who create, protect and produce these products and those who scold and are afraid. For a while, most of the products that lay in supermarkets and smaller stores were full of “GMO-Free” stickers and people formed a stereotype that GMOs are harmful and everything connected with it is bad, because why would the government and manufacturers worry so much? At the same time, many TV channels and newspapers began to write and show TV shows about the dangers of GMO products, escalating tension around this topic.
However, even in these conditions, most people are faced with the problem that they do not have much choice: they still have to go to the supermarket and take what they have enough money for. After all, everyone knows what prices for high-quality and environmentally friendly clean products in specialized stores, which are now far from being in every city.
Products with GMOs are always cheap, and with those that have a coveted sticker, not everything is clear either - there really are no GMOs or manufacturers are cunning - because in order to make a profit, goods must be sold, and at the same time, the price must be set such that people buy. As a result, there are no guaranteed ways to protect yourself from eating harmful GMOs.
Let's figure out what genetically modified foods are and what it consists of. benefits or harms of GMOs.
Briefly about what is GMO
Many people know from biology lessons that hereditary information about an organism is located in each of its cells in the DNA molecule. This molecule is a sequence of genes and, when interacting with the external environment, they create a phenotype, i.e. external manifestations in the body, that is, how it looks, the parameters of metabolism and the flow of biochemical processes inside it.
When changes are made to the DNA molecule inherent in nature (adding genes, removing or changing them), the body can acquire new properties. That is, genetically modified organism- this is an organism that has been artificially changed by adding a foreign gene that is not characteristic of it to its DNA. Scientists have reached such a level that they can already introduce scorpion genes into potato DNA or add some kind of peanut gene to soybeans. This is done in order to provide a certain product with new properties.
For example, our potatoes are now not afraid of the Colorado potato beetle, and soybeans with the peanut gene are 100% resistant to external adverse natural factors. What breeders have done in a few decades, modern genetic engineers do in a couple of years. The declared goal of such scientists (at least the one that sounds beautiful) is to feed the population the globe. But opponents of GMOs see it a little differently: they see the GMO race as an ever-increasing appetite for profit by private corporations and globalization.
So is there any harm from GMOs or not?
Today it is impossible to unequivocally answer the question of whether there is harm from the use of GMO products. Too little time has passed since the introduction of GMOs in food, maybe in 70-100 years there will already be the results of their influence on humans, or maybe not. In any case, now this “experiment” is being put on all the people of the planet. There are many horror stories about the effect of GMOs on the synthesis of protein molecules in human body and metabolic disorders and they cannot be considered completely erroneous. Experiments conducted on rats are definitely not convincing.
Queues to geneticists have recently grown, as it seems healthy people without bad habits and hereditary diseases in recent years, more and more often give birth to children with genetic “breakdowns” in their DNA. Modern science is not able to answer this question today, despite its seemingly incredible achievements. Therefore, we believe that it is not worth eating GMO foods, if possible. So calmer for their children and grandchildren.
What to do?
Until now, disputes about the benefits or harms of GMOs have not subsided. Even with the desire, in today's conditions of life in cities, it is most likely not possible to completely avoid the use of GMO-containing foods. But everyone can give up dubious sausages and other semi-finished products and buy something more natural. Or cook compote for children, instead of buying soda. The choice is yours.
At the end of June, the State Duma passed a law banning the cultivation of genetically modified plants and animals in Russia. The decision was criticized by representatives of the Russian scientific community - the harm of GMOs has not been scientifically proven by any study. In the midst of the debate, more than a hundred Nobel laureates signed a letter calling for an end to the campaign against GMOs.
At the same time, the farmer cooperative LavkaLavka on its Facebook hotly supported new law, stating that "GMOs are the path to world collapse, hunger and gloom." The subsequent criticism and accusations of incompetence and obscurantism in LavkaLavka were called a planned information attack, and opponents of the new law were accused of almost working for international corporations. All this provoked a new discussion about the dangers and benefits of genetic engineering.
We asked Mikhail Gelfand, Doctor of Biology, professor at the Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics of Moscow State University, member of the European Academy, and Alexander Panchin, PhD in Biology and author of the book “The sum of biotechnology. A guide to combating myths about genetic modification of plants, animals and people” to comment on the most common myths about GMOs.
“GMOs are unnatural, and therefore harmful”
Alexander Panchin:
“The idea that natural is useful, and useful is necessarily natural, is erroneous, but it has strongly stuck in people's heads. Pale grebe, for example, is completely natural, but you should not eat it. Or smallpox is a natural pathogen that causes serious illness, and the smallpox vaccine was invented artificially to defeat smallpox. Or they praise natural organic products, which are cultivated on farms, but there are examples of mass poisoning with products from such farms. Thousands of people die from infectious diseases caused by completely natural pathogens, E. coli and salmonella, and not a single person died from the “terrible GMO”.
At the same time, there are many examples of the benefits of GMOs from the point of view of the consumer. For example, tomatoes are rich in anthocyanins, substances found in blueberries and black currants. These compounds have been shown to reduce the risk of cancer and diabetes. Another well-known example of a beneficial GMO is golden rice, rich in vitamin A, which was bred specifically to compensate for the deficiency of this vitamin in developing countries. Or potatoes, which produce fewer carcinogens when processed.
"GMOs cause allergies, cancer and infertility"
Mikhail Gelfand:
"In the thesis that a person can have allergy for a genetically modified product, as well as for any other, the minimum meaning. There was one such example - the Brazil nut gene was transplanted into soybeans to make it richer in fats. And this soy could be allergic to those who are sensitive to brazil nuts. If a person is allergic to a certain protein, and the transplanted gene encodes this protein, then allergic reaction will be for the new product.
But since this problem has long been known, side effects are checked when testing a variety: this soybean variety with a nut gene did not pass the test. There is also an opposite effect. Imagine that someone is allergic to apples, to a particular protein that they contain. Accordingly, if you remove the genes that encode this protein, you get a non-allergenic variety of apples, people can eat it.
What GMOs provoke cancer development- senseless lies spread by unscrupulous people. There is no scientific evidence of this, and, conversely, there are experimental and observational studies that show that the use of GMOs does not lead to cancer.
Where did this legend come from? There are two sources. First, the study is an article by Gilles-Eric Séralini in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology. He fed rats genetically modified corn and they developed a tumor. The work was done at a low scientific level, and the article was eventually withdrawn from the journal, it was criticized in the scientific community. The fact is that Séralini worked with a line of Sprague-Dawley rats, which was bred specifically to test anticancer drugs on them, these rats grow tumors regardless of what they are fed. But they like to show pictures of these rats with tumors on TV or on the Internet as evidence that eating GMOs leads to cancer.
The second source is lectures by Irina Ermakova [Russian biologist]. In some variants of genetic engineering, an agrobacterium was used, which seemed to be a convenient mechanism for genetic manipulations with plants. This bacterium in plants causes growths that look like bumps on stems, similar to tumors. Ermakova shows pictures of these plants and tries to prove that those varieties obtained with the help of this bacterium will also cause tumors in animals. But growths in plants have nothing to do with oncological tumors; plants do not have cancerous tumors at all.
Probably the misconception that GMOs can cause infertility, based on experiments on rats by the same Irina Ermakova. About these experiments, you need to understand that they were not published in any serious scientific journal. On the contrary, there are quite a few experiments that were carried out on existing genetically modified varieties, when rabbits and rodents were observed in several generations. No infertility was recorded.
“Fields with GM products are treated with toxins (herbicides), you can’t eat such products”
Mikhail Gelfand:
“There are statistics that the proportion of herbicides [ chemical substances used to kill weeds] in the fields with GMOs and in the fields without GMOs is about the same. But the use of pesticides in the fields with GMOs is on average 40% less, and this is also noticeable because the biodiversity in the fields with GMOs is higher than in ordinary ones, because less "chemistry" is poured. And eating foods with pesticides is much worse for a person than with herbicides: there is more chance that there will be some harm from them.
Alexander Panchin:
“Even so-called organic farming uses herbicides. The herbicides used in GMO fields are no more dangerous than those used in other types of agriculture.”
"GMOs are bad for the environment"
Alexander Panchin:
"Most great harm What agriculture causes to the environment is the transformation of natural ecosystems into arable land due to population growth. For example, there was a swamp with its living creatures - frogs, for example, it was their natural ecosystem. The swamp was dried up, the ecosystem was destroyed, turned into agricultural land. But genetic engineering, among other things, allows you to save space by increasing the yield of one piece of land. There are many applications of genetic engineering to protect the environment. This could be exploited if there wasn't a strong anti-genetic green movement."
Mikhail Gelfand:
“It is likely that GMO cultivation can negatively affect some types of insects. But so far all publications, even in decent magazines, are about bad influence GMOs on insects, as a result, did not find confirmation. There was a fuss in the press and among the "greens", and then several articles were published that this effect was not confirmed: something was not taken into account or badly calculated. But the refutation itself didn’t become a sensation, it wasn’t written about so actively anymore. ”
“All research on the harmlessness of genetic engineering is bought by large producers of GMO seeds”
Alexander Panchin:
“You need to understand that GMOs are not only transnational corporations. There are scientists in Russia, China, Iran, the UK, and in any normal country in general who are developing GMOs, and not all of them work for corporations.
Many of the studies on the benefits or harms of GMOs are publicly funded. In Russia, the Research Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Sciences has conducted more than a dozen studies with funds from the state budget, and not with the money of seed producers. There is a document of the European Commission, which presents the results of more than ten studies on the impact of GMOs on the body and the environment. Hundreds of scientists worked together and came to the conclusion that GMOs are no more dangerous than their counterparts. In general, all modern molecular genetics says that no fundamental differences there is no difference between GMOs and non-GMOs. Genes are present in all living organisms.
“In the end, the harm of GMOs has been proven by many studies”
Mikhail Gelfand:
“There is no evidence that GMOs are harmful. Harmful varieties do not enter the culture. They undergo very rigorous testing, genetically modified products are strictly licensed. In addition, these are purposeful changes and the consequences are predictable, the likelihood that harmful product, negligible."
Alexander Panchin:
“No serious scientific organization considers GMOs to be more dangerous than analogues. The only thing that is promising to discuss now is what GMOs "would be useful to the consumer. And what do we need to do next, what new modifications do we need and what needs to be done so that they effectively hit the market. So that they were good, liked by everyone and the people were not afraid of them.
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