13.12.2017 Lawyer Viktor Voloshin 0

Per mille of alcohol: methods of calculation and punishment for violation established norms

Most drivers in our country are aware of the penalties for driving in drunk, but few people know what a ppm of alcohol is and how to correlate it with specific volumes of alcohol. Since 2013, the concept of “permissible ethanol content in the blood of a motorist” has been reintroduced in the country. To understand what the allowed norm is, you need to have an idea about the translation of the amount drunk in ppm.

In order to learn how to determine the degree of intoxication in ppm and not drive when it is punishable, you need to learn how to independently translate the amount of alcohol you drink into this indicator.

Ppm is the concentration of alcohol in the driver's blood or in the air exhaled by him, which shows the degree of his intoxication. In fact, this is a mathematical term that means a thousandth of a percentage of a whole. Often this term is applied not only to drivers who dared to drive under the “shofe”, but also in other areas of activity. For example, the slope of a railroad track is measured in ppm.

Ppm as a percentage shows the content of the breakdown products of alcohol-containing beverages in the body. With the help of knowledge about the alcohol content, you can determine your condition and decide on trips or the impossibility of such.

Different alcoholic beverages are excreted from the body in different ways, and they need a different amount of time for this. The table will show what are the terms for removing this or that drink from the body in the amount of 100 grams.

Type of alcoholic drink/person's weight	60 kg	70 kg	80 kg	90 kg	100 kg
Beer 4%	21 to 35 minutes
Beer 6%	31 to 52 minutes
Cocktail 9% "Gin-Tonic"	47 minutes to 1 hour 18 minutes
Sparkling champagne (11% of turnover)	from 57 minutes to 1 hour 36 minutes
18% Port or wine	from 1 hour 34 minutes to 2 hours 37 minutes
Alcohol tincture 24%	from 2 hours 05 minutes to 3 hours 29 minutes
Alcoholic product - liquor 30%	from 2 hours 37 minutes to 4 hours 21 minutes
Vodka 40%	from 2 hours 37 minutes to 5 hours 48 minutes
Cognac 42%	from 3 hours 39 minutes to 6 hours 05 minutes

Observing the terms indicated in the table, it is possible to accurately calculate the period complete elimination drunk from the body and the time of safe driving. The motorist can check his condition the next day with a portable breathalyzer, which is sold in electronics stores.

Self calculation

In order not to be mistaken, based on standard tables that present average results, without taking into account the individual characteristics of a person, it is better to calculate the amount of ppm yourself.

To make the calculation, take the following indicators:

• person's weight;
• the amount of alcohol consumed and its strength.

A person suffering from alcoholism, and taking alcohol regularly, will get the greatest degree of intoxication, since the concentration of ethanol in his blood is increased. The driver must understand the full responsibility of driving while intoxicated and not allow this.

Calculation example

The formula for the permissible rate per mille of alcohol in the blood is called Eric Widmark. The calculation is extremely simple and does not require special knowledge, but it will perfectly help to avoid traffic violations.

The formula looks like this:

C \u003d A / (m X r), where

C is the concentration of alcohol in the blood;

A is grams of alcohol consumed;

m is the weight of the person;

r is a constant value, which for women is 0.6 ppm, for men - 0.7 ppm.

For example, a woman weighing 50 kg drank 50 grams of cognac the night before, which means C=50/(50 X 0.6). That is, in the blood of a woman will be 0.6 ppm.

It is almost impossible to deceive the modern breathalyzers used by the police, due to their absolute accuracy. Therefore, if there are doubts about the state and the dose of alcohol was too large, it is better to refrain from traveling by car so as not to get a fine and not lose your driver's license, or get into an accident.

Tables per mille of alcohol

The degree of intoxication of a citizen can be determined by some symptoms and, accordingly, approximately determine the amount of alcohol contained in his blood. The table per mille of alcohol clearly shows the classification of a person's intoxication.

The amount of vapors in the exhaled air (BrAC, mg/l)	ppm value (g/l)	Human condition	characteristic behavior
0,0 – 0,29	0,0 – 0,4	Sober	Some talkativeness and a “good” mood can only be noticed by close people who are well acquainted with the person’s character. Considered the norm.
0,15 – 0,5	0,3 – 1,0	A state of euphoria, a manifestation of impudence	Self-confidence, violation of generally established orders, lack of control over the coordination of movements. There is a high risk of getting punished for drunk driving.
0,40 – 1,0	0,8 – 2,0	Nervous excitement	Wrong gait, lack of coordination, lethargy, drowsiness. Often angry or apathetic behavior. Possible conflicts with traffic police officers.
0,70 – 1,2	1,4 – 2,4	Inappropriate behavior	Confusion, visual disturbances, fits of anger. The feeling of pain is often muffled.
1,1 – 1,6	2,2 – 3,2	Apathetic state	Lethargy, apathy for everything, with reduced immunity, paralysis occurs. Possible fatal outcome.
1,50 – 2,0	3,0 – 4,0	Clinical coma, near-death state	Reflexes are strongly suppressed or completely absent. Observed low temperature bodies that don't function well respiratory system and circulation
1,90+	3,8+	Fatal outcome	The probability of death is 100% due to paralysis of the respiratory system.

There are a number of signs that clearly indicate that a person is drunk:

• persistent smell of alcohol;
• tremor, unsteady gait;
• speech disorders;
• change in the color of the skin (blushes or turns pale);
• aggression, increased sociability, inappropriate behavior.

These signs, without any examination, may indicate that a person has been drinking and has not yet come to his senses. At the same time, the body of each citizen is individual. Someone needs to drink a whole mug of beer to get very drunk, and someone will need a significant dose of strong alcohol. Allowing a motorist to drive in such a state is extremely dangerous. He can hurt himself and hurt other people. Pedestrians are especially vulnerable to drunk drivers. Serious accidents occur quite often due to the fault of alcoholic beverages, therefore, the employees of the state traffic inspectorate strictly monitor compliance with the established rules, periodically conducting special raids to identify “drunk” drivers.

Information for drivers

Drinking before driving is very dangerous. Disturbances in coordination and thinking often lead to serious accidents. The stage of severe intoxication, as a rule, occurs within half an hour after drinking a strong alcoholic drink.

The Ministry of Health, together with the traffic police, have developed standards in accordance with which drivers are checked for condition alcohol intoxication. For some time in our country there was a law, according to which the driver had to have zero ppm when checking. This indicator should have been present both when checking with a breathalyzer (exhale), and detected in a blood or urine test. But then changes were made that allow some alcohol content in the blood of a motorist.

The reason for this are some of the products used daily:

• kefir, curdled milk, yogurt;
• overripe bananas;
• kvass;
• warm fruit juices;
• some medicines;
• chocolate candies;
• cigarettes;
• sandwiches with sausage and black bread and other products.

Contrary to popular belief, non-alcoholic beer also increases blood alcohol levels. Therefore, you should not drink this drink or other low-alcohol products before the trip.

Permissible norms per mille of alcohol while driving in 2017 are 0.16 per mille in exhaled air and 0.35 milligrams per liter of blood. This ratio is just the permissible error of the devices that are offered for verification by the driver. Measurement of alcohol content is carried out either by police officers at the stop with a special breathalyzer device, or in a clinical setting using a blood and urine test. Saliva may also contain information about the content of ethanol breakdown products, but often the results are not accurate. Therefore, this method is considered unreliable.

For violation allowable amount ppm established by the Ministry of Health, the country provides for punishment in the form of:

• a fine of 30 thousand rubles and deprivation of rights for up to two years, upon initial detection of alcohol intoxication while driving;
• a fine of 50 thousand rubles, deprivation of rights for up to three years or criminal prosecution;

The criteria by which drivers are selected for testing are left to the discretion of the police. The inspector may be suspicious of the behavior of a motorist, a professional look can easily see signs of alcohol intoxication in a person, and then he will immediately go for an examination.

"Milligrams per Mille"

People are used to considering the degree of intoxication in terms of ppm, but official documents usually include information on grams per amount of exhaled air. In order not to have difficulty in translating these values, there is a certain scale by which both indicators can be easily translated. In any case, even a small amount of alcohol can harm the body, including causing irreparable changes, serious poisoning. Taking care of your health, you need to strictly limit the consumption of alcohol.

Measurement in ppm	milligram/liter
0,1	0,045
0,2	0,09
0,3	0,135
0,4	0,18
0,5	0,225
0,6	0,27
0,7	0,315
0,8	0,36
0,9	0,405
1,0	0,45
1.1 ppm	0,495
1,2	0,54
1,3	0,585
1,4	0,63
1,5	0,675
1,6	0,72
1,7	0,765
1,8	0,81
1,9	0,855
2,0	0,9
2,1	0,945
2,2	0,99
2,3	1,035
2,4	1,08
2,5	1,125
2,6	1,17
2,7	1,215
2,8	1,26
2,9	1,305
3,0	1,35
3,1	1,395
3,2	1,44
3,3	1,485
3,4	1,53
3,5	1,575
3,6	1,62
3,7	1,665
3,8	1,71
3,9	1,755
4,0+	1.8 or more

It is important to understand that each ppm changes the personality of a person, reduces his ability to work, increases nervousness, and causes aggression. The ppm counter will not help you avoid intoxication. Before traveling, it is better not to drink alcohol at all in order to be sure of own forces and ensure the safety of not only yourself, but also other road users.

It is also important to understand the rules and follow them not only for the traffic police, but also to maintain your own health. Natural indicators of alcohol do not exceed 0.3 ppm. To maintain normal life and eliminate harm to health, do not exceed the level of 0.75-1.5 ppm. 2.2 ppm of alcohol characterizes the average degree of intoxication, does not cause danger, but should be an alarming bell that the norms are exceeded.

Over 2.7 ppm of alcohol is considered severe degree intoxication, which causes serious changes in the mental state and disruption of human life. Exceeding more than 3.5-4.2 ppm is considered a lethal dosage. Either a fatal outcome occurs, or a person falls into a coma. From a medical point of view, there are norms allowable consumption alcohol per day that will not harm health:

For exclusion possible consequences negative impact alcohol on the human body, it is better to completely eliminate the drinking of alcoholic beverages, limiting yourself only to rare festive feasts with a little booze. Alcohol is strictly contraindicated for motorists, provided that in the near future you need to drive. This can harm not only the driver, but also other road users.

Many are interested in the question, what are the degree of intoxication and also how they affect the ability to drive and drive a vehicle. There are unforeseen situations when you urgently need to find out how drunk you are and how much alcohol is in your blood in ppm.

Efficiently and accurately determine blood alcohol level will help special device, which is used not only by representatives of the traffic police, but also by ordinary people under certain circumstances. For example, when parents let their child go to a disco or a party, and upon returning home, they need to find out what stage of intoxication their child is in and how much alcohol is in his blood. A modern special device will easily, quickly and with great accuracy give the result, so under no circumstances can it be deceived. It will show accurate and truthful results.

We measure the degree of intoxication in ppm.

In order to perform subsequent actions (draw up a protocol, issue a fine or take away rights) after an accident, traffic police officers must find out the degree of intoxication. There is a logical relationship between the level of intoxication and how a person behaves behind the wheel:

1. 0.2-0.5 ppm. With such a degree of intoxication, objects moving towards a meeting are practically not perceived. The driver tends to drive at high speed and cannot adequately assess the situation. For safe driving, it is necessary to maintain a distance between cars. In this kind of intoxication, a person driving cannot correctly determine the distance from his car to those that are moving towards him.
2. 0.5-0.8 ppm. The eyes do not react well to changes in lighting, the distance between vehicles is determined completely incorrectly. Red light is perceived much weaker than in a sober state, so the driver may not notice the red light of a traffic light or the brake lights of other cars. The reaction to everything that happens becomes weak, the person is inattentive. With this degree of intoxication, his balance is already disturbed.
3. 0.8-1.2 ppm. Having such a degree of intoxication, the driver becomes quite relaxed, while overestimating his ability to drive correctly vehicle. The angle of view and, accordingly, the perception of objects is significantly reduced. There is no longer an adequate assessment of what is happening. Driving becomes unreasonably risky. Due to the fact that vision is deteriorating, during the switching of the light, the driver may not notice the curb, guardrail, a moving cyclist or another vehicle, or may do so much later than necessary.
4. 1.2-2.4 ppm. With such a degree of intoxication, the driver behaves arrogantly and impudently on the road. He does not understand that he sees very badly. In addition to the fact that vision deteriorates, balance is completely lost, coordination is disturbed. The driving style is very risky. The person behind the wheel is not at all oriented in space, which can cause serious consequences.

As we understand from the information received, any degree of alcohol intoxication can serve to ensure that the unexpected happens on the road.

Three main degrees of alcohol intoxication.

Ppm is a value that shows the amount of alcohol in a person's blood. For example, a tester will show 0.5 ppm of alcohol if a person drinks half a liter of beer. But it should also be remembered that there are three degrees of intoxication of a person, depending on physical factors, regardless of the situation in which it is necessary to drive:

1) Mild drunkenness. If considered in ppm, then the device will show the figure 0.5-1.5. It comes in the first minutes after drinking alcohol. It is characterized by a feeling of warmth throughout the body. Muscles relax, mood improves. A person becomes very active, he is cheerful and good. He easily and naturally communicates, boasts, feels confident in himself and in everything. But during the conversation, he can not control himself.

2) Phase of average degree of intoxication. Alcohol is contained in the blood in an amount of 1.5-2.5 ppm. Occurs after taking the next dose of alcohol. A person is even more active, although speech is inexpressive, monotonous and slurred. He cannot walk straight, because the coordination of movements is disturbed. Instead of joy comes anger, sadness and aggression. A person can behave restlessly, provoking fights. Memory problems arise precisely at this stage of intoxication.

3) Severe degree of intoxication. It occurs when the body is 2.5-3% alcohol. A person has completely slurred speech, he can lose consciousness. At that stage, complete amnesia, seizures, and involuntary defecation are possible.

The degree of intoxication depends on the concentration of alcohol in the human body.

Important! 5% alcohol in the blood can lead to death.

The level of intoxication depends not only on the amount of alcohol consumed, but also on many other factors: the individual characteristics of the body, the state of its nervous system, accumulated fatigue, general stress, food eaten while drinking alcohol. The type of alcohol you drink also matters a lot.

How alcohol is excreted from the body.

The main organ involved in the processing of alcohol is the liver. This process is quite lengthy. If, for example, a person drank well in the company of friends and there are 2.0 ppm in his body, then they will be completely processed only by the evening of the next day.

It should be remembered! Alcohol is excreted from the body of a man in the amount of 0.10% per hour, in women - 0.85.

From the foregoing, the following conclusions can be drawn. After taking a dose of alcohol, driving should not be earlier than the evening of the next day. In addition, it is impossible to remove alcohol from the body by any artificial means. And even shower strong coffee or other drinks will not help at all.

In accordance with the existing measurement system, the amount of alcohol in the blood is determined in ppm. This value characterizes the content of ethanol in grams in one liter of blood, that is, 0.5 ppm means that the blood (1 liter) contains half a gram or 0.05% alcohol. determine the degree of intoxication, which is equivalent to severity.

Stages of intoxication

Depending on the number of ppm in the blood, a gradation of degrees of intoxication has been developed. They have a clear system of symptoms, and therefore are easily identified. It is worth immediately clarifying that the alcohol content up to 0.5 ppm does not have a noticeable effect on the human body. So the lower limit of intoxication is considered to be exactly 0.5 ppm.

First degree

The first degree is considered mild and is characterized by a blood alcohol content of 0.5-1.5 ppm. This stage of intoxication is typical for the first minutes after drinking alcohol. At this time, a person feels comfort, relaxation, warmth spreads through the body, fatigue is relieved. Under the influence of alcohol, the mood rises, the person becomes cheerful, active, sociable. Expansion of the scope of what is permissible is characteristic - the mood rises, boastfulness appears, self-confidence increases, while the conversation can be unsystematic, the interlocutor can lose control over himself during discussions.

Second degree

The second degree is considered average and is determined by the content of alcohol in the blood from 1.5 to 2.5 ppm. Such an amount of alcohol is already overwhelming, which is expressed in monotonous, inhibited speech, a person cannot keep the thread of the conversation, becomes rude, quick-tempered, abrupt, the mood drops noticeably. As for the coordination of movements, at the middle stage of intoxication, a characteristic swinging gait appears, loss of balance is possible. In this state, a person is overly irritable, can deliberately cause a quarrel. Under the influence of alcohol toxins, nerve connections cease to form, so that in the morning a person feels a memory lapse. Since there are simply no nerve connections, memory is not restored even with time or is partially restored.

Third degree

The third degree is considered severe - in order to bring the body to such a state, it is necessary to bring the concentration of ethanol in the blood to 2.5-3.0 ppm. affects all human organs, especially the excretory, and nervous system. A person does not stand on his feet, does not let go even in a supine position. Spontaneous urination, defecation occurs. Speech and movements are slurred, unsystematic, insensitivity to external stimuli, cold, heat, increased pain threshold, complete, possible and.

dangerous dose

A dose of alcohol at which 5-6 ppm appears in the blood is considered fatal. In this case, a lethal outcome is not at all necessary. Death is guaranteed only if the entire dose is drunk within 30 minutes. For an adult man, it is about 3 bottles of vodka, but a man can drink the same amount of alcohol during the evening and get only acute toxicosis, but without death.

The impact of third-party factors on the degree of intoxication

The effect of alcohol on the body depends not only on the amount ethyl alcohol, which a person consumes with alcoholic beverages, but also from many other factors:

The presence and presence of food in the stomach at the beginning of drinking,

• Health status,
• human nervous activity
• Fatigue,
• Stress and tension
• The quality and type of alcohol, etc.

Forms of alcohol intoxication

Separately, it is worth mentioning such alcohol users who are allergic to alcohol, have a head injury or long time. The characteristics of the organism of such people determine inadequately a high degree alcohol intoxication when consumed relatively a large number alcohol. This form of alcohol intoxication is called atypical. In addition to atypical, the following forms are distinguished:

• epileptiform,

The rate at which alcohol is removed from the body

In any case, with the help of the liver, which processes alcohol with the help of special enzymes. As for the rate of alcohol processing, in men it is higher and amounts to 0.10-0.15 ppm / hour, the weaker sex is able to process ethanol at a rate of 0.085-0.10 ppm / hour.

There is a so-called rate of per mille of alcohol in the blood, having learned which, a person will understand whether he can drive and what stage of intoxication he is in. The ppm unit measures the content pure alcohol in human blood after drinking alcohol. To determine its value, you can use special formulas and tables.

Degrees of intoxication in ppm

A table by which you can determine the stage of intoxication in ppm should be used simultaneously with formulas that will help you independently calculate the content of pure alcohol in the blood after taking alcoholic beverages. When using the table, it should be taken into account that the indicators are influenced by factors such as the age of the researcher, his gender, general health, the presence or absence of chronic diseases.

Deciphering the level of ppm in the blood according to the table:

Signs of alcohol intoxication

When alcohol enters the bloodstream, certain signs are observed that may serve as a reason to send, for example, a driver for a medical examination. Signs of alcohol intoxication include:

1. A strong smell of alcohol emanates from the person's mouth. Moreover, even the strongest modern facilities they cannot get rid of it, therefore, with such aromas, it is categorically not recommended to drive.
2. The posture of a person after drinking alcohol becomes unstable, and the gait becomes uncertain. This sign is classified as a violation of coordination of movement.
3. There is trembling of the upper extremities or only the fingers on the hands.
4. Neurological disorders are clearly visible - a person begins to talk too loudly, his speech will be unintelligible. The use of alcohol leads to an incorrect assessment of the environment, a person becomes aggressive, and may demonstrate unnatural behavior.

Calculation of ppm blood alcohol

This value can be calculated using several formulas. It is important to remember that with such a study, only the level of alcohol content can be established, but not the time of drinking. Another important point: an equal volume of spirits of different strengths will "give out" a different content of pure alcohol. For example, half a liter of vodka and the same amount of beer will give different results: in the first case, a person will have a strong intoxication and alcohol poisoning, and in the second - a slight intoxication, which will pass in a couple of hours.

Widmark formula

This formula is by far the most common and frequently used:

C \u003d A / m * r

C is the value of the total concentration of pure alcohol in the blood

A - the mass of alcohol, which is expressed in grams (it is necessary to convert the volume drunk into mass)

M - the total body weight of the patient (his weight)

r is the Widmark coefficient: for women it is 0.6, and for men it is 0.7.

Note:if you want to calculate the total amount of alcohol. which was drunk the day before, then you should use the formula A \u003d s * m *r.

Dubrovsky formula

You can determine the amount of alcohol in the blood and according to the exhaled air, using the special Dubrovsky formula:

FROM air = C eau * K1* e( K2 *T)

C eau - liquid, represents the level of alcohol concentration in the liquid

C air is the concentration of alcohol in exhaled vapor

K1 - the value of a constant value equal to 0.04145

K2 is the value of a constant value equal to 0.06583

K2 * T - a special power of the number "e"

T is the temperature value.

The formula is used only by specialists, but you can apply it yourself. For example, if the temperature of the exhaled vapors is 35 degrees, then the following value is obtained:

0.3*1/2100=0.15 mg/l.

This calculation formula is used when there is a breathalyzer of any type, from the simplest to complex devices that make it possible to obtain certain data.

Calculation without a calculator

C = A / (P * r) - b60 * T

C - concentration of alcohol

A - the amount of alcohol drunk before in grams (the volume must simply be multiplied by the density - 0.79384)

P - body weight

r is a reduction unit that shows the proportion of alcohol that enters the bloodstream. For men and women, this value is different, for women it is 0.55, and for men - 0.68

b60 - the value by which the concentration of alcohol decreases in 1 hour. It is at the level of 0.1-0.16 g/l

T is the time that has passed since drinking alcohol.

To make it clearer, here is an example of a simple calculation based on the following available data:

A \u003d 0.4 * 100 ml * 0.7484 \u003d 31.936 g

N = 2 hours

r=0.68

P = 80 kg

r=0.68

b60 = 0.13.

The result will be the following answer: C \u003d 31.936 / (038 * 80) \u003d 0.3270588 ‰ or 0.33‰. This ppm indicator means that the man is still intoxicated, his reaction is slightly inhibited, and it is better for him not to drive.

The given tables for calculating blood alcohol per mille can also be used at home, this will help determine whether it is possible to drive a car in a disputable situation. But you need to know the number of ppm that are allowed when driving a vehicle - these data will be individual for each country. In Russia since 2013 allowable rate alcohol while driving was 0.16 ppm in exhaled air and 0.35 in blood.

Simple alcoholic intoxication is divided according to the criterion of severity into three degrees: mild, moderate and severe.

The total clinical assessment of the state of the intoxicated is determined by the same two main effects of alcohol: psychotropic and toxic. In intoxication, polar groups of symptoms naturally intertwine. Euphoria and activity are replaced by lethargy and growing stupor. Psychomotor agitation, in turn, turns into slow, poorly coordinated movements and complete adynamia.

An additional criterion for assessing the severity of intoxication may be the level of concentration of alcohol in the blood. But it should immediately be noted that the severity of the clinical manifestations of intoxication and the amount of alcohol concentration in the blood do not always correlate. The ratios here have a time spread, depending on individual characteristics, in particular, on the work of a number of enzymatic systems. The severity of the clinical manifestations of alcohol intoxication also depends on the concentration and amount taken alcohol, the functional state of the drinker, the nature of food, the conditions in which alcohol is taken.

Rice. 4. Approximate correlation between the degree of alcohol intoxication and blood alcohol content

A mild degree of alcohol intoxication (Fig. 4) is characterized by the predominance of the psychotropic effect of alcohol over the toxic one. Usually, a mild degree of intoxication corresponds to a blood alcohol concentration in the range of 0.5-1.5%. signs alcohol poisoning The CNS is inconspicuous. There is a decrease in the accuracy of small movements, the percentage of errors increases when performing any type of activity that requires attention and concentration. The perception time is lengthened. Attention is easily distracted, superficial. The critical attitude towards oneself and the surrounding situation decreases. Speech articulation may deteriorate slightly.

The psychotropic effects of alcohol in a mild degree of intoxication are reduced to experiences of a state of mental comfort. Often it is accompanied by the effect of non-specific stimulation. The mood is often elevated, euphoria is noted. Intoxicated are animated, the behavior is expressive. Disinhibition of drives (food, sexual) is often noted.

In an intoxicated person, reddening of the skin, rise blood pressure, increased heart rate, sweating and other changes in the autonomic nervous system.

The duration of mild alcohol intoxication varies widely - from a few minutes to an hour or more. Following this, as a rule, some decline in mood, lethargy, and slight motor retardation are noted.

It is generally accepted that the peak of the positively colored psychotropic effects of alcohol falls on the resorptive phase (Balyakin, 1962). When the absorption ends and the removal of alcohol from the body begins, the mental experiences associated with intoxication gradually fade. However, there is no clear parallelism here, since the so-called elimination phase is determined by a decrease in the concentration of alcohol in the blood. At the same time, its concentration in organs and tissues, in particular in the brain, remains high for a long time, which contributes to psychotropic effects.

The average degree of simple alcohol intoxication is already a more complex picture, based on a combination of components of the toxic and psychotropic effects of alcohol. First of all, there is an increase in the proportion of symptoms of CNS poisoning in the clinical picture of intoxication. Yes, and the psychotropic effect of alcohol is becoming less regulated. The average degree of alcohol intoxication often develops with a content of 1.5-2.5% alcohol in the blood. Speech in intoxicated people is blurred, often slowed down, the selection of words is difficult. Disturbances in coordination of movements are noted: small, precise movements are impossible, handwriting is upset. The gait becomes shaky, uncertain, movements are impetuous and sweeping.

Mental experiences lose their integrity. Orientation in the situation is also partially broken. Perception of external events is difficult, associative processes are upset. Self-esteem rises, a critical attitude to one's condition and behavior sharply decreases. Behavior itself becomes more and more impulsive, sometimes inadequate.

Mood swings are typical, euphoria is easily replaced by discontent, irritability, resentment. Depressively colored experiences appear, which can again be replaced by euphoria.

Intoxication often ends in sleep. A series of events of intoxication (usually the final episodes) can be forgotten (amnesiac). Upon awakening, a pronounced post-intoxication state with reduced performance is noted.

A severe degree of simple alcohol intoxication is characterized by the predominance of the toxic effects of alcohol and the effects of depression of the central nervous system in the clinical picture. The concentration of alcohol in the blood - 2.5% and above. An increase in alcohol concentration above 5% can lead to death.

Clinically, a severe degree of alcohol intoxication corresponds to a soporous state, and with a deepening of intoxication - to a coma. Orientation is completely lost, massive disturbances are noted from all body systems (CNS, cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). Sometimes there is involuntary discharge of urine. After getting out of intoxication for several days, post-intoxication disorders, decreased performance, amnesia of the period of intoxication are noted.

As already noted, alcohol intoxication is the starting point of alcoholism, and throughout the disease - one of its main manifestations.

During the period of intoxication, changes occur literally at all levels and in all systems. human body. Therefore, it makes sense to take a closer look at some of the most important changes.